{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:17:20Z","timestamp":1779110240470,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515011427"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011427"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Epilepsia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infantile spasms (IS) are associated with significant neurodevelopmental impairments, yet the underlying brain microstructural and functional alterations remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate gray and white matter abnormalities in IS patients and their correlations with neurological dysfunction using advanced neuroimaging techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010four IS patients (21 males, age\u2009=\u20092.8\u201364.4\u2009months) and 32 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched healthy controls (HC) underwent high\u2010resolution magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel\u2010based morphometry (VBM) and surface\u2010based morphometry (SBM) were employed to analyze gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness, respectively. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assessed white matter integrity. Cognitive and motor functions were evaluated using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development\u2010II.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IS patients exhibited significantly lower Mental Development Index (MDI; 50 vs. 99,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) and Physical Development Index (50 vs. 106,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001) compared to HC. VBM revealed reduced GMV in bilateral inferior temporal gyri (BA20\/37), left middle occipital gyrus (BA19), right precentral gyrus (BA6), posterior cingulate gyrus, and parahippocampal regions (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Cortical thinning (by SBM) was observed in the right parahippocampal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and left middle temporal gyrus. DTI demonstrated decreased fractional anisotropy in corticospinal tracts and hippocampal\u2013cingulum pathways (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). GMV in the left middle occipital gyrus correlated positively with MDI scores (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.42,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IS patients exhibit widespread microstructural abnormalities in brain regions critical for visual, auditory\u2013language, motor, and limbic functions. These structural deficits, particularly in the occipital and temporal cortices, may underlie the neurodevelopmental impairments observed in IS. The findings highlight the importance of early neuroimaging to identify anatomical correlates of dysfunction and guide targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.18620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T15:35:26Z","timestamp":1756222526000},"page":"4950-4959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurologic impairment and brain microstructural\u2013functional alterations in infantile spasms: A multimodal magnetic resonance imaging study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Yuchun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shenzhen Children's Hospital  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"Department of Radiology Shenzhen Longhua District People's Hospital  Shenzhen 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Neurology Shenzhen Children's Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0632-5987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xianlei","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shenzhen Children's Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9276-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diangang","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Shenzhen Children's Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6726-8704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongfang","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Shenzhen Children's Hospital  Shenzhen 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