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If the populations being considered are of management or conservation concern, then identifying the traits under selection (or \u2018markers\u2019) might provide insights into possible intervention strategies during epidemics. We assessed potential for selection on multiple immune and life history traits of Arctic breeding common eiders (<jats:italic>Somateria mollissima<\/jats:italic>) during annual avian cholera outbreaks (summers of 2006, 2007 &amp; 2008). We measured prelaying body condition, immune traits, and subsequent reproductive investment (i.e., clutch size) and survival of female common eiders and whether they were infected with <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida,<\/jats:italic> the causative agent of avian cholera. We found no clear and consistent evidence of directional selection on immune traits; however, infected birds had higher levels of haptoglobin than uninfected birds. Also, females that laid larger clutches had slightly lower immune responses during the prelaying period reflecting possible downregulation of the immune system to support higher costs of reproduction. This supports a recent study indicating that birds investing in larger clutches were more likely to die from avian cholera and points to a possible management option to maximize female survival during outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]],"date-time":"2014-06-26T11:11:55Z","timestamp":1403781115000},"page":"765-773","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["No selection on immunological markers in response to a highly virulent pathogen in an <scp>A<\/scp>rctic breeding bird"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Pierre","family":"Legagneux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie &amp; Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes nordiques Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski Rimouski QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisha L.","family":"Berzins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program Trent University Peterborough ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Forbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Carleton University Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi Jane","family":"Harms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Holly L.","family":"Hennin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Bourgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. G.","family":"Gilchrist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Wildlife Research Centre Environment Canada Ottawa ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00ebl","family":"B\u00eaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de biologie &amp; Centre d\u2019\u00e9tudes nordiques Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Rimouski Rimouski QC Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Soos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Pathology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon SK Canada"},{"name":"Environment Canada Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oliver P.","family":"Love","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Microbial Genetics &amp; Genomics Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Descamps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Polar Institute Fram Centre Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"Burness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Trent University Peterborough ON Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396965-1.00022-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.08.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/658373"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/378905"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2006.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1998.tb02027.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2012.02543.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2007.01289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2013.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2000.00732.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459708419228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.19.2.1236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.69.4.2487-2492.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118448908"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1997.0141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0704"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-048X.2010.05196.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01824.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09-0395.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1642\/0004-8038(2001)118[0290:DEIBCF]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2013.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194878"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070315"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Infection, Polymorphism and Evolution","author":"Gustafsson L.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-003-1282-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2004.2678"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-76-12-2235"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/79.2.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(89)90101-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/589521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.4.2071"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3376"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2012.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0030-1299.2004.12844.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1998.0432"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2007.01235.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01754-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2008.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0184"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02578-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.1.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-396965-1.00016-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(96)10039-2"},{"volume-title":"The Evolution of Life History","year":"1992","author":"Stearns S. 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