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Here, we study the expansion of the yellow sac spider <jats:italic>Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/jats:italic>, a medically important species in Central Europe. Using microsatellite markers and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DNA<\/jats:styled-content> sequences, morphological and climate niche analyses, we identify factors associated with the spider's expansion success. Our results indicate that the species' initial expansion has been triggered by environmental change and preadaptation in the source populations. However, despite extensive gene flow, expanding populations maintain genetic and morphological differentiation from native ones, which is correlated with climatic niche differences. Moreover, expanding spiders might have temporarily escaped an eggsac parasite that causes high mortality in the native range. Hence, our results paint a complex picture of diverse factors associated with expansion success. We speculate that expanding populations might be capable of adapting to novel ecological conditions in northern Europe. This could allow a substantial range expansion, much farther than by environmental change alone. Our distribution model predicts that the spider will soon massively spread over most of northern Europe, bringing along considerable health concerns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,14]],"date-time":"2016-05-14T07:52:59Z","timestamp":1463212379000},"page":"1229-1240","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Rapid genetic and ecological differentiation during the northern range expansion of the venomous yellow sac spider <i>Cheiracanthium punctorium<\/i> in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Henrik","family":"Krehenwinkel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology Pl\u00f6n Germany"},{"name":"Environmental Science Policy and Management University of California Berkeley Berkeley California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis","family":"R\u00f6dder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"N\u0103p\u0103ru\u015f\u2010Aljan\u010di\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transdisciplinary Research Centre Landscape \u2013 Territory \u2013 Information Systems CeLTIS University of Bucharest Research Institute ICUB Bucharest Romania"},{"name":"Tular Cave Laboratory Kranj Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matja\u017e","family":"Kuntner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Zoology Laboratory Biological Institute ZRC SAZU Ljubljana Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BER2004350"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Kosmos\u2010Atlas Spinnentiere Europas","author":"Bellmann H.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.2.573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Blonder B.2015.hypervolume: High\u2010dimensional kernel density estimation and geometry operations R package (version 1.3.0).http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=hypervolume(accessed on July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3180.2011.00850.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1242121"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2003.00351.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"A669","article-title":"Global biodiversity information facility","volume":"110","author":"Dooley E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environmental Health Perspectives"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12686-011-9548-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Felsenstein J.2002.{PHYLIP} Phylogeny Inference Package (Version 3.6a3).http:\/\/evolution.genetics.washington.edu\/phylip.html(accessed on July 2015)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00222930500101720"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Biology of Spiders","author":"Foelix R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.059451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110711-155511"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2007.03413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-7-32"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5431\/aramit3202"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01116.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1276"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120709-144746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5451.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3999.3.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Den giftiga st\u00f6rre taggspindeln Cheiracanthium punctorium (Araneae, Miturgidae) \u00e5terfunnen i Sverige","volume":"126","author":"Jonsson L. 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