{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T15:15:00Z","timestamp":1788880500973,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]],"date-time":"2017-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1487808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006507","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006507","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006506","name":"Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006506","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102330\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102330\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Norway rat (<jats:italic>Rattus norvegicus<\/jats:italic>) is a key pest species globally and responsible for seasonal outbreaks of the zoonotic bacterial disease leptospirosis in the tropics. The city of Salvador, Brazil, has seen recent and dramatic increases in human population residing in slums, where conditions foster high rat density and increasing leptospirosis infection rates. Intervention campaigns have been used to drastically reduce rat numbers. In planning these interventions, it is important to define the eradication units \u2010 the spatial scale at which rats constitute continuous populations and from where rats are likely recolonizing, post\u2010intervention. To provide this information, we applied spatial genetic analyses to 706 rats collected across Salvador and genotyped at 16 microsatellite loci. We performed spatially explicit analyses and estimated migration levels to identify distinct genetic units and landscape features associated with genetic divergence at different spatial scales, ranging from valleys within a slum community to city\u2010wide analyses. Clear genetic breaks exist between rats not only across Salvador but also between valleys of slums separated by &lt;100\u00a0m\u2014well within the dispersal capacity of rats. The genetic data indicate that valleys may be considered separate units and identified high\u2010traffic roads as strong impediments to rat movement. Migration data suggest that most (71\u201390%) movement is contained within valleys, with no clear source population contributing to migrant rats. We use these data to recommend eradication units and discuss the importance of carrying out individual\u2010based analyses at different spatial scales in urban landscapes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T08:16:38Z","timestamp":1479888998000},"page":"323-337","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Using fine\u2010scale spatial genetics of Norway rats to improve control efforts and reduce leptospirosis risk in urban slum environments"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jonathan L.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Providence College  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary K.","family":"Burak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Providence College  Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology Yale University  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M.","family":"Shirvell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology Yale University  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol","family":"Mariani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology Yale University  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ticiana S. A.","family":"Carvalho\u2010Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arsino\u00ea C.","family":"Pertile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus A.","family":"Panti\u2010May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel G.","family":"Pedra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soledad","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mayara","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorete","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Controle de Zoonoses Secretaria Municipal de Sa\u00fade Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Coletiva Universidade Federal da Bahia, UFBA  Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James E.","family":"Childs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert I.","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Pesquisas Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade  Salvador Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Disease Yale School of Public Health  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adalgisa","family":"Caccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology &amp; Evolutionary Biology Yale University  New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2005.00206.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1739.2007.00696.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"1481","article-title":"Identifying eradication units in an invasive mammalian pest species","volume":"16","author":"Adams A. L.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biological Invasions"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2010.06494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0123"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-1261-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/368455a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msl191"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003338"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esv098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003819"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10980-010-9467-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1375387"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-014-0547-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2006.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002927"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-013-0305-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03741.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2010.02868.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-014-0714-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2009.04232.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.2374"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","volume-title":"Comparative ecology and social interactions of Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) populations in Baltimore, Maryland","author":"Glass G.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111627"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"85","volume-title":"Rodent pests and their control","author":"Gratz N. G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn136"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-015-0519-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-12-45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004275"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-8286.2002.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","unstructured":"Harris S. E. &Munshi\u2010South J.(2016).Scans for positive selection reveal candidate genes and local adaptation of Peromyscus leucopus populations to urbanization.bioRxiv 038141."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074938"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.1195"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure","volume":"6","author":"Holm S","year":"1979","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Statistics"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-94"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2008.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"Jombart T. Kamvar Z. N. &Lustrik R.Collins C. Beugin M. P. Knaus B. Solymos P. Schliep K. Ahmed I. Cori A. &Calboli F.(2016).adegenet: an R package for the Exploratory Analysis of Genetic and Genomic Data.R package version 2.0.1."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12455"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2011.05364.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)80012-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","volume-title":"Suburban and exurban influences on wildlife and fish","author":"Krausman P. R.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643090156"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04688.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.12224"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15693430802055524"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb04502.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000154"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120802592723"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2008.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","unstructured":"Moreira I. M. &Pereira G. C. (2008).Salvador and Metropolitan Region(p.228).Salvador Brazil:Edufba"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2012.05476.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-006-9202-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","unstructured":"Oksanen J. Blanchet F. G. Kindt R. Legendre P. Minchin P. R. O'Hara B. Simpson G. L. Solymos P. Stevens M. H. H. &Wagner H.(2016).Vegan: community ecology package. R package version 2.3."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-012-0415-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","unstructured":"Park S. (2001).The Excel Microsatellite Toolkit (v3.1).Ireland:Animal Genomics Laboratory UCD."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0020190"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2005.00011.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","unstructured":"Peres\u2010Neto P. &Galpern P.(2015).Spatial pattern detection in genetic distance data using Moran's Eigenvector Maps. R package version 1.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-73412-5_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2664.12589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12499"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-013-0487-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","unstructured":"R Development Core Team(2015)R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.http:\/\/www.r-project.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13527"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2014.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-7-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0021-8901.2004.00984.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10530-009-9586-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803785105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71049-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1975.tb00829.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2402767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mamm.1978.42.1.63"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-006-0123-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1108\/meq.2004.15.3.337.3","article-title":"The challenge of slums: Global report on human settlements 2003","volume":"15","author":"Un\u2010Habitat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Management of Environmental Quality"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12453"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.02890.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","first-page":"47","article-title":"Estimating density of ship rats in New Zealand forests by capture\u2010 mark\u2010recapture trapping","volume":"31","author":"Wilson D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Zealand Journal of Ecology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1461-0248.2003.00419.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016223907962"}],"container-title":["Evolutionary Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Feva.12449","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Feva.12449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eva.12449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T03:50:54Z","timestamp":1696391454000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eva.12449"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eva.12449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eva.12449","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-4571","1752-4571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-4571","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-4571","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,23]]}}}