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Previous studies found additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 in different salmonid fishes and concluded that rapid evolution to this type of pollution seems possible. However, these previous studies were done with fishes that are lake\u2010dwelling and hence typically less exposed to EE2 than river\u2010dwelling species. Here, we test whether there is additive genetic variance for the tolerance against EE2 also in river\u2010dwelling salmonid populations that have been exposed to various concentrations of EE2 over the last decades. We sampled 287 adult brown trout (<jats:italic>Salmo trutta<\/jats:italic>) from seven populations that show much genetic diversity within populations, are genetically differentiated, and that vary in their exposure to sewage\u2010treated effluent. In order to estimate their potential to evolve tolerance to EE2, we collected their gametes to produce 730 experimental families in blockwise full\u2010factorial in vitro fertilizations. We then raised 7,302 embryos singly in 2\u2010ml containers each and either exposed them to 1\u00a0ng\/L EE2 (an ecologically relevant concentration, i.e., 2\u00a0pg per embryo added in a single spike to the water) or sham\u2010treated them. Exposure to EE2 increased embryo mortality, delayed hatching time, and decreased hatchling length. We found no population differences and no additive genetic variance for tolerance to EE2. We conclude that EE2 has detrimental effects that may adversely affect population even at a very low concentration, but that our study populations lack the potential for rapid genetic adaptation to this type of pollution. One possible explanation for the latter is that continuous selection over the last decades has depleted genetic variance for tolerance to this synthetic stressor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,14]],"date-time":"2019-01-14T06:49:22Z","timestamp":1547448562000},"page":"940-950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["No additive genetic variance for tolerance to ethynylestradiol exposure in natural populations of brown trout (<i>Salmo trutta<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Marques da Cunha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anshu","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Seddon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nusbaumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Etienne L.M.","family":"Vermeirssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag\u2010EPFL D\u00fcbendorf Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6143-4716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claus","family":"Wedekind","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution, 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