{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T19:41:43Z","timestamp":1792698103338,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004805","name":"California Energy Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EPC\u201015\u2010043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EPC\u201015\u2010043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004805","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006363","name":"National Geographic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WW\u2010202R\u201017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WW\u2010202R\u201017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006363","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACI\u20101548562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACI\u20101548562"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Understanding how risk factors affect populations across their annual cycle is a major challenge for conserving migratory birds. For example, disease outbreaks may happen on the breeding grounds, the wintering grounds, or during migration and are expected to accelerate under climate change. The ability to identify the geographic origins of impacted individuals, especially outside of breeding areas, might make it possible to predict demographic trends and inform conservation decision\u2010making. However, such an effort is made more challenging by the degraded state of carcasses and resulting low quality of DNA available. Here, we describe a rapid and low\u2010cost approach for identifying the origins of birds sampled across their annual cycle that is robust even when DNA quality is poor. We illustrate the approach in the common loon (<jats:italic>Gavia immer<\/jats:italic>), an iconic migratory aquatic bird that is under increasing threat on both its breeding and wintering areas. Using 300 samples collected from across the breeding range, we develop a panel of 158 single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci with divergent allele frequencies across six genetic subpopulations. We use this SNP panel to identify the breeding grounds for 142 live nonbreeding individuals and carcasses. For example, genetic assignment of loons sampled during botulism outbreaks in parts of the Great Lakes provides evidence for the significant role the lakes play as migratory stopover areas for loons that breed across wide swaths of Canada, and highlights the vulnerability of a large segment of the breeding population to botulism outbreaks that are occurring in the Great Lakes with increasing frequency. Our results illustrate that the use of SNP panels to identify breeding origins of carcasses collected during the nonbreeding season can improve our understanding of the population\u2010specific impacts of mortality from disease and anthropogenic stressors, ultimately allowing more effective management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T12:07:46Z","timestamp":1616414866000},"page":"1646-1658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Leveraging genomics to understand threats to migratory birds"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0264-7276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda","family":"Larison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Research Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alec R.","family":"Lindsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Northern Michigan University  Marquette Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christen","family":"Bossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Sorenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Kaplan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Common Coast Research and Conservation  Hancock Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C.","family":"Evers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodiversity Research Institute  Portland Maine USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Paruk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Saint Joseph\u2019s College  Standish Maine USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"DaCosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department Boston College  Chestnut Hill Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5978-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Center for Tropical Research Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"Ruegg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Tropical Research Institute of the Environment and Sustainability University of California  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.183665"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1194694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755\u20100998.2010.02846.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"snps2assays: Prepare SNP Assay Orders from ddRAD or RAD Loci","author":"Anderson E. C.","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755\u20100998.2008.02355.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592\u2010017\u20100963\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/f08\u2010049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00119\u201016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/10\u20100489.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3356\/0892\u20101016\u201054.3.222"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/360668a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.139724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","volume-title":"rgdal: Bindings for the \u201cGeospatial\u201d Data Abstraction Library (Version 1.2\u201016)","author":"Bivand R.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-7618-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2009.1525"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icq013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461\u20100248.2005.00722.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/bio.2011.61.9.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646\u2010007\u20100167\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1051-0761(2000)010[1749:LAFSEO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/622907"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12354"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","volume-title":"Introduction to multivariate analysis","author":"Chatfield C.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u2010294X.2003.01757.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2018.00165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21896"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106713"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2012.1229"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u2010294X.1997.00218.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.3478"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2012.07.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909493107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0107491"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"18","article-title":"Loons as biosentinels of aquatic integrity","volume":"1","author":"Evers D. C.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environmental Bioindicators"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","volume-title":"Status assessment and conservation plan for the Common Loon (Gavia immer) in North America: 2007. BRI Report 2007\u201020","author":"Evers D. C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","volume-title":"Common Loon (Gavia immer), version 1.0","author":"Evers D. C.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133849"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646\u2010011\u20100753\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/09\u20100397.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1011009419264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393\u2010012\u20100750\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09640568.2014.973483"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","volume-title":"assigner: Assignment analysis with GBS\/RAD Data using R","author":"Gosselin T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20108286.2004.00828.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","volume-title":"raster: Geographic data analysis and modeling (Version R package version 2.6\u20107)","author":"Hijmans R. J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20108286.2007.02044.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/080129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u20102656.2010.01712.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1554\/03\u2010283"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2018.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1090"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","first-page":"78","volume-title":"The North American waterbird conservation plan, Version 1","author":"Kushlan J. A.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2010.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0034025"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1650\/CONDOR\u201013\u2010090.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523\u20101739.2004.00239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/152.4.1753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq559"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2015.0552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5395.1884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.107524.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471\u20108286.2004.00649.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u2010294x.2000.00897.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/2006\u2010551"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10452\u2010005\u20109008\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas\u20102018\u20100016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010015\u20103465\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","volume-title":"Bird species distribution maps of the world","author":"NatureServe","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2569"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.139"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","volume-title":"Vegan: Community ecology package R package version 2.5\u20103","author":"Oksanen J.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1675\/063.037.sp102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts460"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037135"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02396.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/519795"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0604.000401"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.19.7658"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/esr00095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.267.5206.1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw1313"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.12977"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.1778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2656"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/icw030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","volume-title":"The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966 \u2010 2015","author":"Sauer J. R.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[12:EOEMOT]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2009.54.6_part_2.2349"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169\u20105347(99)01637\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5751\/ace\u201000569\u2010080101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201010647\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u2010294x.2002.01523.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.02.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365\u2010294X.2010.04675.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010animal\u2010021419\u2010083617"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3354\/ab00273"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169\u20105347(01)02380\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02629"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0060188"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5524\/101026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1996.tb04494.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000288706"}],"container-title":["Evolutionary Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eva.13231","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/eva.13231","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eva.13231","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/eva.13231","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T09:04:12Z","timestamp":1712567052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/eva.13231"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/eva.13231"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eva.13231","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1752-4571","1752-4571"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1752-4571","type":"print"},{"value":"1752-4571","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-10-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-03-12","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-04-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}