{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T23:27:51Z","timestamp":1784762871802,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]],"date-time":"2021-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628553600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Novel malaria control strategies using genetically engineered mosquitoes (GEMs) are on the horizon. Population modification is one approach wherein mosquitoes are engineered with genes rendering them refractory to the malaria parasite,\n                    <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , coupled with a low\u2010threshold, Cas9\u2010based gene drive. When released into a wild vector population, GEMs preferentially transmit these parasite\u2010blocking genes to their offspring, ultimately modifying a vector population into a nonvector one. Deploying this technology awaits ecologically contained field trial evaluations. Here, we consider a process for site selection, the first critical step in designing a trial. Our goal is to identify a site that maximizes prospects for success, minimizes risk, and serves as a fair, valid, and convincing test of efficacy and impacts of a GEM product intended for large\u2010scale deployment in Africa. We base site selection on geographic, geological, and biological, rather than social or legal, criteria. We recognize the latter as critically important but not as a first step in selecting a site. We propose physical islands as being the best candidates for a GEM field trial and present an evaluation of 22 African islands. We consider geographic and genetic isolation, biological complexity, island size, and topography and identify two island groups that satisfy key criteria for ideal GEM field trial sites.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T08:35:29Z","timestamp":1627288529000},"page":"2147-2161","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Selection of sites for field trials of genetically engineered mosquitoes with gene drive"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1190-9810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory C.","family":"Lanzaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7422-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melina","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Crepeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Cornel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abram","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Gripkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziad","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Institute of Technology Jet Propulsion Laboratory Pasadena California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Kormos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Palomares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vector Genetics Laboratory Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology School of Veterinary Medicine University of California Davis California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"African Union and NEPAD. 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G.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Mosquito News"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2018.1427192"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2010214117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2265490"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2019.103917"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.15845"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12939"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","volume-title":"Island directory","author":"Dahl A. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201012652\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","unstructured":"Exmile Solutions Ltd. 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