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Seven pigeon breeds were resequenced and can be divided into commercial varieties (Euro\u2010pigeon, Shiqi, Shen King, Taishen, and Silver King), ornamental varieties (High Fliers), and local varieties (Tarim pigeon). Phylogenetic analysis based on population resequencing showed that one group contained local breeds and ornamental pigeons from China, whereas all commercial varieties were clustered together. It is revealed that the traditional Chinese ornamental pigeon is a branch of Tarim pigeon. Runs of homozygosity (ROH) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analyses revealed significant differences in the genetic diversity of the three types of pigeons. Genome sweep analysis revealed that the selected genes of commercial breeds were related to body size, reproduction, and plumage color. The genomic imprinting genes left by the ornamental pigeon breeds were mostly related to special human facial features and muscular dystrophy. The Tarim pigeon has evolved genes related to chemical ion transport, photoreceptors, oxidative stress, organ development, and olfaction in order to adapt to local environmental stress. This research provides a molecular basis for pigeon genetic resource evaluation and genetic improvement and suggests that the understanding of adaptive evolution should integrate the effects of various natural environmental characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T18:41:05Z","timestamp":1627324865000},"page":"603-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Whole\u2010genome sequencing reveals the artificial selection and local environmental adaptability of pigeons (<i>Columba livia<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3430-6361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haobin","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixing","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changfeng","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Jinhuang Pigeon Company  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junfeng","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsuo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Poultry Engineer Research Center  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983\u2010020\u201000379\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"The History of Kashgar","author":"Abdul Rexiti Aji W. 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