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Among human\u2010released pollutants, ionizing radiation arises as a rare but potentially devastating threat to natural systems. The Chornobyl accident (1986) represents the largest release of radioactive material to the environment. Our aim was to examine how exposure to radiation from the Chornobyl accident influences dorsal skin coloration of Eastern tree frog (<jats:italic>Hyla orientalis<\/jats:italic>) males sampled across a wide gradient of radioactive contamination in northern Ukraine. We assessed the relationship between skin frog coloration (which can act as a protective mechanism against ionizing radiation), radiation conditions and oxidative stress levels. Skin coloration was darker in localities closest to areas with high radiation levels at the time of the accident, whereas current radiation levels seemed not to influence skin coloration in Chornobyl tree frogs. Tree frogs living within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone had a remarkably darker dorsal skin coloration than frogs from outside the Zone. The maintenance of dark skin coloration was not linked to physiological costs in terms of frog body condition or oxidative status, and we did not detect short\u2010term changes in frog coloration. Dark coloration is known to protect against different sources of radiation by neutralizing free radicals and reducing DNA damage, and, particularly melanin pigmentation has been proposed as a buffering mechanism against ionizing radiation. Our results suggest that exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, likely at the time of the accident, may have been selected for darker coloration in Chornobyl tree frogs. Further studies are needed to determine the underlying mechanisms and evolutionary consequences of the patterns found here.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T15:11:50Z","timestamp":1661785910000},"page":"1469-1479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Ionizing radiation and melanism in Chornobyl tree frogs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9007-2643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Burraco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"Do\u00f1ana Biological Station (CSIC)  Seville Spain"},{"name":"School of Biodiversity, One Health &amp; Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germ\u00e1n","family":"Orizaola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre Uppsala University  Uppsala Sweden"},{"name":"IMIB\u2010Biodiversity Research Institute (Univ. Oviedo\u2010CSIC\u2010Princip. Asturias) University of Oviedo  Mieres Asturias Spain"},{"name":"Zoology Unit, Department of Biology of Organisms and Systems University of Oviedo  Oviedo Asturias Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physchem-040513-103605"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.2001.5251"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Dispersal success of European tree frogs thanks to habitat connectivity measures: A genetic evaluation","author":"Angelone S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"AVMA guidelines for the euthanasia of animals","author":"AVMA","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HP.0000182192.91169.ed"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ieam.238"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2019.106033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2009.10.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(78)52032-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-021-00416-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00125-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07201-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burraco P. &Orizaola G.(2022).Dataset of: Ionizing radiation and melanism in Chornobyl tree frogs.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.15124218.v1","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13476"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.13138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.13282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1641\/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.10.095"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/707862"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbd.2021.100872"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.98.2.543-546.1969"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2019.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Cort E. 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