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The detailed characterization of emerging pathogen populations is a prerequisite for managing invasive species pathways and designing sustainable disease control strategies. Huanglongbing is the disease that causes the most damage to citrus, a crop that ranks #1 worldwide in terms of fruit production. Huanglongbing can be caused by three species of the phloem\u2010limited alpha\u2010proteobacterium, \u201c<jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic> Liberibacter,\u201d which are transmitted by psyllids. Two of these bacteria are of highest concern, \u201c<jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. Liberibacter asiaticus\u201d and \u201c<jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. Liberibacter africanus,\u201d and have distinct thermal optima. These pathogens are unculturable, which complicates their high\u2010throughput genetic characterization. In the present study, we used several genotyping techniques and an extensive sample collection to characterize <jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. Liberibacter populations associated with the emergence of huanglongbing in three French outermost regions of the European Union (Guadeloupe, Martinique and R\u00e9union). The outbreaks were primarily caused by \u201c<jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. Liberibacter asiaticus,\u201d as \u201c<jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. Liberibacter africanus\u201d was only found at a single location in R\u00e9union. We emphasize the low diversity and high genetic relatedness between samples from Guadeloupe and Martinique, which suggests the putative movement of the pathogen between the two islands and\/or the independent introduction of closely related strains. These samples were markedly different from the samples from R\u00e9union, where the higher genetic diversity revealed by tandem\u2010repeat markers suggests that the disease was probably overlooked for years before being officially identified in 2015. We show that \u201c<jats:italic>Ca<\/jats:italic>. Liberibacter asiaticus\u201d occurs from sea level to an altitude of 950\u2009m above sea level and lacks spatial structure. This suggests the pathogen's medium\u2010 to long\u2010distance movement. We also suggest that backyard trees acted as relays for disease spread. We discuss the implications of population biology data for surveillance and management of this threatful disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.70053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,17]],"date-time":"2024-12-17T05:49:07Z","timestamp":1734414547000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic Signatures of Contrasted Outbreak Histories of \u201c<i>Candidatus<\/i> Liberibacter asiaticus\u201d, the Bacterium That Causes Citrus Huanglongbing,\u00a0in Three Outermost Regions of the European Union"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3175-9795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivier","family":"Pruvost","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Boyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4064-2361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Labb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Weishaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs","family":"Vynisale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Melot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Hoareau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Cellier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Health Laboratory, Anses  Saint Pierre France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4252-2574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginie","family":"Ravign\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD UMR PVBMT  Saint Pierre France"},{"name":"CIRAD UMR PHIM  Montpellier France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42161-019-00301-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO-08-21-0325-FI"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","unstructured":"Aubert B.1987.\u201cLe Greening une Maladie Infectieuse des Agrumes D'origine Bact\u00e9rienne Transmise par des Homopt\u00e8res Psyllid\u00e9s. Strat\u00e9gie de Lutte D\u00e9velopp\u00e9e \u00e0 L'\u00eele de la R\u00e9union. Circonstances \u00c9pid\u00e9miologiques en Afrique\/Asie et Modalit\u00e9s D'intervention.\u201dPhD thesis Universit\u00e9 de Bordeaux II Bordeaux France."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Aubert B.2008.\u201cCitrus Huanglongbing Experiences of Integrated Vector Management (IVM) in Reunion and Guadeloupe Two Ultraperipheral Regions of the European Union.\u201dPaper Presented at the International Research Conference on Huanglongbing Orlando FL USA."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"605","article-title":"La Lutte Contre la Maladie du \u00abGreening\u00bb des Agrumes \u00e0 L'\u00eele de la R\u00e9union. R\u00e9sultats et Perspectives","volume":"35","author":"Aubert B.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Fruits"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aubert B. 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