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However, these outcomes may be difficult to achieve simultaneously, since plant defenses activated in response to antagonists can compromise mutualism function, and plant resources allocated to defense may trade off with resources allocated to managing mutualists. Here, we investigate how antagonist attack affects plant ability to manage mutualists with sanctions, in which a plant rewards cooperative mutualists and\/or punishes uncooperative mutualists. We studied interactions among wild and domesticated pea plants, pea aphids, an aphid\u2010vectored virus (Pea Enation Mosaic Virus, PEMV), and mutualistic rhizobial bacteria that fix nitrogen in root nodules. Using isogenic rhizobial strains that differ in their ability to fix nitrogen and express contrasting fluorescent proteins, we found that peas demonstrated sanctions in both singly\u2010infected nodules and mixed\u2010infection nodules containing both strains. However, the plant's ability to manage mutualists in mixed\u2010infection nodules traded off with its ability to defend against antagonists: when plants were attacked by aphids, they stopped sanctioning within mixed\u2010infection nodules, and plants that exerted stricter sanctions within nodules during aphid attack accumulated higher levels of the aphid\u2010vectored virus, PEMV. Our findings suggest that plants engaged in defense against antagonists suffer a reduced ability to select for the most beneficial symbionts in mixed\u2010infection tissues. Mixed\u2010infection tissues may be relatively common in this mutualism, and reduced plant sanctions in these tissues could provide a refuge for uncooperative mutualists and compromise the benefit that plants obtain from mutualistic symbionts during antagonist attack. Understanding the conflicting selective pressures plants face in complex biotic environments will be crucial for breeding crop varieties that can maximize benefits from mutualists even when they encounter antagonists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.70064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,30]],"date-time":"2024-12-30T07:16:03Z","timestamp":1735542963000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Managing Friends and Foes: Sanctioning Mutualists in Mixed\u2010Infection Nodules Trades off With Defense Against Antagonists"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7901-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camille E.","family":"Wendlandt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Washington State University  Vancouver Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saumik","family":"Basu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Washington State University  Pullman Washington USA"},{"name":"Department of Entomology University of Georgia  Tifton Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angeliqua P.","family":"Montoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Washington State University  Vancouver Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paige","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences Washington State University  Vancouver Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin D.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A\u2010LIFE), Section Ecology &amp; Evolution Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison B.","family":"Coffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience Washington State University  Vancouver Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Crowder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Entomology Washington State University  Pullman Washington USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. 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