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In this respect, integrative genomics, leveraging population and functional genomic data, can be employed to understand the evolutionary processes that have shaped adaptation to infectious diseases in domestic cattle. This approach can be particularly informative for African cattle, which exhibit a complex mosaic of genomic ancestry from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bos taurus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (taurine) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Bos indicus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (indicine) populations. Some African taurine populations have an important evolutionary adaptation known as trypanotolerance, a genetically determined tolerance to infection by trypanosome parasites (\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.) that cause African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT). AAT is one of the largest constraints to livestock production in sub\u2010Saharan Africa and causes a financial burden of approximately $4.5 billion annually. In this study, we identified putative candidate genes underlying trypanotolerance by integrating local ancestry inference (LAI) from genome\u2010wide SNP data across multiple trypanotolerant and trypanosusceptible hybrid cattle populations with RNA\u2010seq and expression microarray transcriptomic data from multiple tissues collected across time course trypanosome infection experiments. These candidate genes included\n                    <jats:italic>AGO2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CBL<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>CNOT1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>EDN1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>IL1B<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>NFKB1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>RIPK1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TRAF2<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Functional analysis of the gene set outputs from this work highlighted GO terms associated with the immune system (including the major histocompatibility complex\u2014MHC) and cell signalling processes. These results signpost future work to elucidate the cellular networks and pathways that drive trypanotolerance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.70274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T04:59:41Z","timestamp":1780289981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrative Genomics Identifies Candidate Genes Underlying Trypanotolerance in Hybrid African Cattle"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6920-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gillian P.","family":"McHugo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said Ismael","family":"Ng'ang'a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeogenomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences Ludwig Maximilian University  Munich Germany"},{"name":"School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent A. F.","family":"Frantz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palaeogenomics Group, Department of Veterinary Sciences Ludwig Maximilian University  Munich Germany"},{"name":"School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences Queen Mary University of London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Browne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6232-9109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Salter\u2010Townshend","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Mathematics and Statistics University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace M.","family":"O'Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Agri\u2010Tech Centre Innovation Centre  York UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kieran G.","family":"Meade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"UCD One Health Centre University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmeline W.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"MacHugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"},{"name":"UCD One Health Centre University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02632308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.147532"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.110.13.295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02714"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.0830"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jbg.12181"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2015.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"Bache S. 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