{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:47:19Z","timestamp":1782452839649,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008501","name":"East Carolina University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Evolutionary Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Captive breeding can be a key component of species conservation strategies, but also exposes these rare species to novel environments including the pathogen landscape. The critically endangered white\u2010winged wood duck (WWWD)\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Asarcornis scutulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    has experienced substantial population declines, local extirpations and fragmentation of its former range in Southeast Asia, making it one of the rarest birds in the world. As in other rare species, WWWD declines have led to the initiation of captive breeding programs, but these have been hampered by the WWWDs' high susceptibility to\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , avian tuberculosis (TB). In this study we describe genome\u2010wide patterns of diversity to understand the WWWD's demographic and phylogeographic history, inbreeding in the wild and in captivity, and the causes of TB susceptibility. Captive birds, which originated from northeast India, are genetically differentiated from wild birds sampled in Sumatra, Indonesia, likely reflecting long\u2010standing phylogeographic structure. Demographic analyses revealed that long\u2010term (Pleistocene) population declines preceded anthropogenic declines, a pattern shared with other codistributed, forest\u2010dependent species. All sampled WWWD populations had extremely low genetic diversity (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c0<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0008\u20130.0015) but wild\u2010sampled birds retained higher Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) diversity, reflecting important functional diversity in the wild. Genetic diversity has eroded over time in captivity and importantly, birds with higher levels of inbreeding succumb earlier to TB infections, suggesting inbreeding depression. Finally, by comparing gene expression between susceptible WWWD and resistant redhead ducks\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Aythya americana<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    we identify possible mechanisms of TB susceptibility. Altogether our study provides genomically\u2010guided objectives for future management and a cautionary tale for\n                    <jats:italic>ex situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    conservation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.70286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T05:34:43Z","timestamp":1782279283000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tuberculosis Susceptibility and Inbreeding Depression Hinder\n                    <i>Ex Situ<\/i>\n                    Conservation in a Critically Endangered Rainforest Bird"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2057-1973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peri E.","family":"Bolton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Department of Evolution, Ecology &amp; Organismal Biology Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dustin J.","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Sylvan Heights Bird Park  Scotland Neck North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy E.","family":"Drilling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Conservation Biology University of Minnesota  St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3209-4710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan B.","family":"McRae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Sorenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-0659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher N.","family":"Balakrishnan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology East Carolina University  Greenville North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Vertebrate Zoology National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution  Washington DC USA"},{"name":"Division of Environmental Biology National Science Foundation  Alexandria Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"327","article-title":"Assessing the Risks of Infectious Diseases in Captive Breeding and Reintroduction Programs","volume":"24","author":"Ballou J. 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