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In this study, we attempted to characterize patterns of putative, locally adaptive genetic diversity in the northern leopard frog (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Rana pipiens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) from an area of the Prairie Pothole Region in North Dakota profoundly impacted by climate and land\u2010use change. Using a dataset of 25,587 SNPs obtained using RAD\u2010seq, we characterized population structure, finding similar patterns of isolation by distance and high gene flow as found in previous studies of the region. We considered environmental variables related to climate and several agrochemicals, including nitrates and four commonly applied pesticides, and tested for effects on both neutral and putatively adaptive genetic structure. Genotype by environment analyses identified 388 candidate loci under selection. A large majority of these loci were associated with climatic factors, seemingly mainly driven by differences in breeding\u2010season precipitation regimes across our study area.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.70298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T06:26:01Z","timestamp":1783664761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Patterns of Local Adaptation in the Northern Leopard Frog (\n                    <i>Rana pipiens<\/i>\n                    ) From a Region Undergoing Rapid Climate and Land\u2010Use Change"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6653-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin M.","family":"Waraniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program North Dakota State University  Fargo North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Mushet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center  Jamestown North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7882-8674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Craig A.","family":"Stockwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Environmental and Conservation Sciences Program North Dakota State University  Fargo North Dakota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010ecolsys\u2010110512\u2010135747"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.115.183665"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2641"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baker N. 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