{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T10:04:50Z","timestamp":1789639490138,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]],"date-time":"2013-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1366588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Reasons for performing study<\/jats:title>\n \n Metformin is a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of insulin resistance (\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). In laboratory animals, orally administered metformin reduces intestinal glucose absorption and may therefore affect insulinaemic responses to oral carbohydrate ingestion.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To determine whether pretreatment with metformin reduces plasma glucose concentration and insulin responses following consumption of dextrose in horses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Therapeutic cross\u2010over study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Seven healthy Standardbred and Thoroughbred geldings were subjected to an oral dextrose challenge test on 4 occasions: with and without metformin, before and after induction of\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n with dexamethasone. Metformin was administered by nasogastric tube at 30\u2009mg\/kg\u2009bwt 1\u2009h before administration of dextrose. Glucose and insulin concentrations in plasma\/serum were measured at regular intervals during each test. Linear mixed models were specified for each predetermined outcome variable, and for each model the \u2018treatment\u2019 was included as a fixed effect with 4 categorical levels (none, metformin, dexamethasone and dexamethasone with metformin) and horse accounted for as a random effect.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In healthy horses, the administration of metformin resulted in a statistically significant reduction in peak glucose concentration (P = 0.002), area under the glucose curve (P<0.001) and insulin concentration 120\u2009min after dextrose administration (P = 0.011). Following the induction of\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n , administration of metformin was associated with significant differences in peak glucose concentration (P<0.001), the percentage increase in glucose concentration (P = 0.010), the area under the glucose curve (P<0.001) and insulin concentration at 120\u2009min (P = 0.034) and 150\u2009min after dextrose administration (P = 0.014).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Metformin resulted in reduced glycaemic and insulinaemic responses both in healthy horses and in horses with experimentally induced\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Potential relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n Metformin may benefit horses with naturally acquired\n IR<\/jats:styled-content>\n by reducing glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to dietary nonstructural carbohydrates. Further investigations into the mechanisms of action of metformin in horses and controlled clinical trials are warranted.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,19]],"date-time":"2013-02-19T13:05:42Z","timestamp":1361279142000},"page":"751-754","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Effects of metformin hydrochloride on blood glucose and insulin responses to oral dextrose in horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"D. I.","family":"Rendle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liphook Equine Hospital Liphook UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Rutledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. E.","family":"Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Liphook Equine Hospital Liphook UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0503.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.18.590"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X273648"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.5.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.71.10.1201"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"782","article-title":"The effect of metformin on insulin sensitivity in horses","volume":"23","author":"Firshman A.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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