{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T08:32:09Z","timestamp":1770885129188,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kentucky Thoroughbred Association\/Kentucky Thoroughbred Breeders and Owners"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Reasons for performing study<\/jats:title>\n Nocardioform placentitis in horses is poorly understood, and the development of an experimental model would be of help in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To investigate whether (1) intrauterine inoculation of\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n rossiela equi\n <\/jats:italic>\n during the periovulatory period or (2) i.v., oral or intranasopharyngeal inoculation of\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009equi\n <\/jats:italic>\n during midgestation would result in nocardioform placentitis, and (3) before and after mating endometrial swabs present evidence of nocardioform placentitis\u2010associated organisms (\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009equi\n <\/jats:italic>\n or\n \n A<\/jats:styled-content>\n mycolatopsis\n <\/jats:italic>\n spp.).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In\n \n Study\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , mares (n = 20) received an intrauterine inoculation of\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009equi\n <\/jats:italic>\n 24\u2009h after artificial insemination. Endometrial swabs were obtained 24\u2009h post inoculation for\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n analysis. In\n \n Study\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , pregnant mares (at 180\u2013240 days of gestation) were inoculated with\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .\u2009equi\n <\/jats:italic>\n by intranasopharyngeal (n = 5), oral (n = 4) or i.v. (n = 4) routes. Sixty contemporaneous pregnant mares maintained on the same farm served as control animals. In\n \n Study\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , privately owned Thoroughbred mares (n = 200) had endometrial swabs collected before and within 24\u201348\u2009h after mating for detection of nocardioform microorganisms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In\n \n Study\n I<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n ,\n \n C<\/jats:styled-content>\n .equi\n <\/jats:italic>\n was identified by\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n in 3 of 20 mares following intrauterine inoculation. Pregnancy was established in 19 of 20 treated mares. There were 2 embryonic losses and one abortion at 177 days of gestation (undetermined cause). Sixteen mares delivered a normal foal and placenta. In\n \n Study\n II<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , one mare (oral inoculation) aborted at 200 days of gestation (unidentified cause). The remaining mares delivered a normal foal and placenta. In\n \n Study\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n , none of the mares yielded positive endometrial\n PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n for nocardioform microorganisms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n We were unable to induce nocardioform placentitis, and there was no evidence of nocardioform microorganisms in endometrial swabs of broodmares before or after mating. These findings suggest that nocardioform placentitis is not induced simply via the presence of nocardiform actinomycetes and that route, insufficient duration of exposure and dose may play a role in the development of disease. Additional predispositions may also be involved in the development of nocardioform placentitis.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,24]],"date-time":"2014-02-24T13:26:15Z","timestamp":1393248375000},"page":"91-95","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Attempts to induce nocardioform placentitis (\n \n C<\/scp>\n rossiela equi\n <\/i>\n ) experimentally in mares"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"I. F.","family":"Canisso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Laboratory The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B. A.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Laboratory The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Erol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Laboratory The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. E.","family":"Scoggin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Laboratory The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. J.","family":"McDowell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Laboratory The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N. M.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. R.","family":"Dorton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Woodford Equine Hospital Versailles Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. E.","family":"Wolfsdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagyard Equine Medical Institute Lexington Kentucky USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E. L.","family":"Squires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Laboratory The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. H. T.","family":"Troedsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reproduction Laboratory The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center Department of Veterinary Science University of Kentucky Lexington USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1993.203.08.1170","article-title":"Causes of abortion, stillbirth, and perinatal death in horses: 3,527 cases (1986\u20131991)","volume":"203","author":"Giles R.C.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063879300500113"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","unstructured":"Williams N.M. Donahue J.M. Bolin D.C. Giles R.C. Harrison L.R. Hong C.B. Jackson C.B. Poonacha K.B.andVickers M.L.(2004)Equine placental pathology: Kentucky perspective. InProceedings 1st Workshop on the Equine Placenta University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky pp88\u201092."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","unstructured":"Giles R.C. Hong C.B. Donahue J.M. Swerczek T.W. Poonacha K.B. Tuttle P.A.andTramontin R.R.(1988)Equine abortion caused by a gram\u2010positive filamentous bacterium. InProceedings 37th Annual Meeting American College of Veterinary Pathologists Monterey California p65(abstract)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30088-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Carter C.N. Cassady J.C. Cohen N. Kennedy L.A. Erol E. Malm T. Donahue M. Sells S. Williams N.M. Smith J.andDwyer R.(2012)Equine nocardioform placentitis and abortion outbreak and farm\u2010based risk factor study 2010\u20132011. InProceedings European Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians Kazimierz\u2010Dolny Poland S3\u2010O\u201004."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.8.1234"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/jsava.v72i4.659"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.154.23.730"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-6-2169"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02691-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.008862-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638712462377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870401600414"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1915"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","first-page":"2359","volume-title":"Equine Reproduction","author":"Troedsson M.H.T.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"Sells S.(1996)Molecular diagnostics of medically important bacterial infections of the equine placenta caused by members of the order actinomycetales. PhD dissertation. University of Madras Chennai India."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2006.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","unstructured":"Canisso I.F. Ball B.A. Troedsson M.H.T. Claes A. Scoggin K.E. Erol E. Williams N.M.andSquires E.L.(2013)Experimental induction of nocardioform placentitis in mares. InProceedings Annual Meeting Society for Theriogenology August 2013 (abstract) p65."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2584"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fevj.12249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.12249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:44:27Z","timestamp":1762076667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.12249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.12249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.12249","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2013-08-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-02-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2014-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}