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Recognition of overt pain behaviours, such as rolling, kicking at the abdomen, flank watching, lameness or blepharospasm, may be obvious; subtle signs of pain can include changes in facial expression or head position, location in the stall and response to palpation or human interaction. Nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs (i.e. phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine and firocoxib), opioids (i.e. butorphanol, morphine and buprenorphine) and \u03b1\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010adrenergic agonists (i.e. xylazine, detomidine, romifidine and medetomidine) are the most commonly used therapeutic options. Multimodal therapy using constant\u2010rate infusions of lidocaine, ketamine and\/or butorphanol has gained popularity for severe pain in hospitalised cases. Drugs targeting neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin, are increasingly used for conditions such as laminitis. Optimal strategies for management of pain are based upon severity and chronicity, including special considerations for use of intra\u2010articular or epidural delivery and therapy in foals. Strategies that aim to mitigate adverse effects associated with use of various analgesic agents are briefly discussed.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12265","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T23:43:13Z","timestamp":1395272593000},"page":"517-523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Pain control in horses: What do we really know?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"L. C.","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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