{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:17:17Z","timestamp":1791231437714,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]],"date-time":"2015-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1432252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001343","name":"University of Pretoria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The response to the first outbreak of contagious equine metritis in South Africa included pioneering a web\u2010based platform to coordinate key aspects of a national, real\u2010time polymerase chain reaction (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      )\u2010based stallion screening programme to determine the distribution and prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Taylorella equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in stallions and exposed mares.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To define the hypothesised pre\u2010existing status of\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the South African equine population and progression of the epidemiological investigation via the implementation of a molecular diagnostic\u2010based surveillance programme.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Screening for\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was via a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      assay on genital swabs obtained from predilection sites in stallions and mares with subsequent confirmation using bacterial culture according to prescribed methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The initial outbreak investigation identified 4 horses including the index stallion and mare. Traceback of in\u2010contact horses identified 26 horses, including a subpopulation focus at the South African Lipizzaner Centre where 24\/33 resident stallions tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The national screening programme identified an additional 9 stallions. A total of 39 horses (36 stallions and 3 mares) tested positive for\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      by\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was isolated from 23 of these stallions and 2 of these mares. In addition to the index property, an artificial breeding centre where the index case was first identified, an additional 12 properties with infected horses were identified in 3\/9 provinces. Horses on 11 of these 12 properties were directly linked to the index property. Two incidents of\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      transmission associated with artificial insemination were recorded.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was present in a subpopulation focus within the South African horse population prior to the outbreak identification in April 2011. Horizontal fomite\u2010associated spread was the most probable route of transmission between stallions. The targeted surveillance of stallions and exposed mares using a\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010based screening programme expedited investigation of the distribution and prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in South African horses. The application of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">qPCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      provided a sensitive and practical screening test for identification of\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010positive animals as part of an emergency response to the first identified cases of\n                      <jats:italic>T.\u00a0equigenitalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection in South African horses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,12]],"date-time":"2015-03-12T05:48:52Z","timestamp":1426139332000},"page":"307-311","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Polymerase chain reaction\u2010based national surveillance programme to determine the distribution and prevalence of\n                    <i>Taylorella equigenitalis<\/i>\n                    in South African horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"C. E.","family":"May","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section\u00a0of Reproduction Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. J.","family":"Guthrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Centre University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Keys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Companion Animal Clinical Studies Department Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Joone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Centre University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Monyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Research Centre University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. L.","family":"Schulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section\u00a0of Reproduction Department of Production Animal Studies Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101.3.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.101.5.103-a"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2010-3368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00956-10"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(88)80109-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-9571(96)00005-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2010.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2003.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.216.1945"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.32.4.893-896.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2006.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2011.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.e2647"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"South African Procedure Manual Screening of Stallions for Contagious Equine Metritis","author":"Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403775467162"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"Procedural Manual for the Confirmation of, Diagnosis and Treatment of Positive Cases of Contagious Equine Metritis","author":"Directorate Animal Health","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"OIE Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccines for Terrestrial Animals","author":"OIE"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"398","article-title":"The distribution of carrier status of Taylorella equigenitalis in stallions and exposed mares in South Africa","volume":"5","author":"May C.E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. 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