{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:45:41Z","timestamp":1762073141919,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"S48","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,6]],"date-time":"2015-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"abstract":"\n Reasons for performing study<\/jats:title>\n \n Transcranial magnetic stimulation (\n TMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is an electrophysiological technique used to elicit motor evoked potentials (\n MMEP<\/jats:styled-content>\n s) to evaluate the functional integrity of the descending motor fibres in the spinal cord. Successful application of the technique was reported in horses with spinal cord compression. However, limited data are available on the correlation of\n TMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n with histopathological changes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To determine sensitivity of\n TMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n for assessing the integrity of the spinal cord in horses with compressive lesions of the spinal cord.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Case series.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The study was conducted on 6 horses with spinal ataxia\n \n grade\n III<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n \/\n V<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n admitted to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University. The horses underwent\n TMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n , radiography of the cervical or thoracolumbar vertebral column, and myelography (4\/6). All horses were subjected to euthanasia and the spinal cord examined histopathologically.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In 5\/6 horses\n MMEP<\/jats:styled-content>\n s with abnormal onset latencies in both extensor carpi radialis muscles and cranial tibialis muscles were recorded, suggesting a cervical spinal cord lesion. Radiography revealed cervical vertebral malformation (4\/5) with cervical vertebral canal stenosis (3\/5) and tumour\/osteomyelitis (1\/5). In 1\/6 horse\n MMEP<\/jats:styled-content>\n s with normal onset latencies in extensor carpi radialis muscles and prolonged onset latencies in tibialis cranialis muscles were recorded, suggesting a thoracolumbar spinal cord lesion. Radiography revealed deformation of the 7th and 8th thoracic vertebrae. Myelography showed reduction in dural diameter and dorsal contrast column (4\/4). Histopathological examination of the spinal cord confirmed compressive type lesions in all 6 horses with degenerative changes in the white matter of all funiculi, ballooning of myelin sheets, swollen axons, loss of axons and astroglial activation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n In this case series abnormal function of descending motor pathways as registered by\n TMS<\/jats:styled-content>\n showed 100% sensitivity with the histopathological characteristics of compressive lesions in the spinal cord, but the number of horses is limited and further research is warranted.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Ethical animal research:<\/jats:bold>\n \u2002Research ethics committee oversight not currently required by this conference: the study was performed on material collected during clinical procedures. Explicit owner informed consent for participation in this study was not stated.\n Source of funding:<\/jats:bold>\n \u2002Not applicable.\n Competing interests:<\/jats:bold>\n \u2002None declared.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12486_31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,7]],"date-time":"2015-09-07T00:26:36Z","timestamp":1441585596000},"page":"14-14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sensitivity of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Relation to Histopathological Findings in Six Horses with Compressive Lesions of the Spinal Cord"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Vanschandevijl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Hospital De Bosdreef Moerbeke\u2010Waas Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Nollet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dierenartsenpraktijk Westhove Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Vercauteren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic Lab Zoolyx Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Ducatelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Deprez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Ghent University Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,6]]},"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fevj.12486_31","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.12486_31","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:40:41Z","timestamp":1762072841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.12486_31"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S48","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.12486_31"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.12486_31","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0425-1644"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2042-3306"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2015-09-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}