{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T20:44:34Z","timestamp":1771620274667,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,11]],"date-time":"2016-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1452470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000686","name":"Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons Charitable Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Equine grass sickness (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is of unknown aetiology. Despite some evidence suggesting that it represents a toxico\u2010infection with\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      types C and\/or D, the effect of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      on the functional targets of botulinum neurotoxins, namely the soluble N\u2010ethylmaleimide\u2010sensitive factor attachment receptor (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNARE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) proteins, is unknown. Further, while it is commonly stated that, unlike\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , equine botulism is not associated with autonomic and enteric neurodegeneration, this has not been definitively assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine: 1) whether botulism causes autonomic and enteric neurodegeneration; and 2) the effect of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      on the expression of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNARE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      proteins within cranial cervical ganglion (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) and enteric neuronal perikarya.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Light microscopy was used to compare the morphology of neurons in haematoxylin\u2010eosin stained sections of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and ileum from 6\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      horses, 5 botulism horses and 6 control horses. Immunohistochemistry was used to compare the expression of synaptosomal\u2010associated protein\u201025, synaptobrevin (Syb) and syntaxin within\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      neurons, and of Syb in enteric neurons, from horses with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , horses with botulism and control horses. The concentrations of these\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNARE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      proteins in extracts of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      from\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and control horses were compared using quantitative fluorescent western blotting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , but not botulism, was associated with autonomic and enteric neurodegeneration and with increased immunoreactivity for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNARE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      proteins within neuronal perikarya. Quantitative fluorescent western blotting confirmed increased concentrations of synaptosomal\u2010associated protein\u201025, Syb and syntaxin within\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      extracts from\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      vs. control horses, with the increases in the latter 2 proteins being statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The occurrence of autonomic and enteric neurodegeneration, and increased expression of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SNARE<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      proteins within neuronal perikarya, in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      but not botulism, suggests that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      may not be caused by botulinum neurotoxins. Further investigation of the aetiology of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EGS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is therefore warranted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,8]],"date-time":"2015-12-08T12:45:11Z","timestamp":1449578711000},"page":"786-791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Equine grass sickness, but not botulism, causes autonomic and enteric neurodegeneration and increases soluble N\u2010ethylmaleimide\u2010sensitive factor attachment receptor protein expression within neuronal perikarya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"B. 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