{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:34:57Z","timestamp":1778279697363,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]],"date-time":"2016-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Reasons for performing study<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is limited information on clinical use of the new injectable anaesthetic agent alfaxalone in Thoroughbred horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare anaesthetic induction and recovery characteristics and cardiopulmonary responses between alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised blinded experimental cross\u2010over study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six Thoroughbred horses were anaesthetised 3 times with alfaxalone 1\u00a0mg\/kg bwt, ketamine 2.5\u00a0mg\/kg bwt or thiopental 4\u00a0mg\/kg bwt after premedication with medetomidine 6\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/kg bwt and midazolam 20\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>\u03bc<\/jats:italic>\n                      g\/kg bwt. Qualities of anaesthetic induction and recovery were scored on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent). Induction time and recovery time were recorded. Cardiopulmonary values (heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressures, and arterial blood gases) were recorded throughout anaesthesia. Data were analysed with nonparametric methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The anaesthetic induction (P\u00a0=\u00a00.2) and recovery (P\u00a0=\u00a00.1) quality scores (median, range) were not different amongst protocols and were 4.0, 3\u20135; 5.0, 4\u20135; 4.5, 3\u20135; and 4.5, 3\u20135; 3.5, 2\u20135; 4.0, 2\u20135 for alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental, respectively. Induction time for ketamine (67, 53\u201389\u00a0s) was significantly longer than that for alfaxalone (49, 40\u201351\u00a0s, P\u00a0=\u00a00.01) and thiopental (48, 43\u201350\u00a0s, P\u00a0=\u00a00.01). Time to standing for alfaxalone (44, 40\u201363\u00a0min, P\u00a0=\u00a00.01) and thiopental (39, 30\u201358\u00a0min, P\u00a0=\u00a00.01) was significantly longer than that for ketamine (25, 18\u201326\u00a0min). Cardiovascular values were maintained within the clinically acceptable level throughout anaesthesia. Respiratory rate significantly decreased during anaesthesia for all 3 drugs; however, spontaneous breathing did not disappear, and Pa\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CO<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      values were maintained at approximately 50\u00a0mmHg.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All 3 drugs showed similar effects in relation to anaesthetic induction and recovery qualities and cardiopulmonary responses. However, alfaxalone and thiopental prolonged recovery time compared with ketamine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]],"date-time":"2016-02-06T00:43:48Z","timestamp":1454719428000},"page":"94-98","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparison of alfaxalone, ketamine and thiopental for anaesthetic induction and recovery in Thoroughbred horses premedicated with medetomidine and midazolam"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Wakuno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Kushiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Mae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kodaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Maeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Racehorse Clinic Miho Training Center Japan Racing Association Inashiki\u2010gun Ibaraki Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00406.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00428.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00707.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2009.00479.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2010.00584.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2012.00756.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2011.00634.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00645.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1977.38.02.195","article-title":"Evaluation of xylazine and ketamine hydrochloride for anesthesia in horses","volume":"38","author":"Muir W.W.","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am. 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