{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T08:15:24Z","timestamp":1788336924702,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,25]],"date-time":"2017-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1495670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Minnesota Racing Commission"},{"name":"Kentucky Performance Products LLC"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Alpha\u2010tocopherol (\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) supplementation is recommended for the prevention of various equine neuromuscular disorders. Formulations available include\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n acetate powder and a more expensive but rapidly water\u2010dispersible liquid\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n (\n WD RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n ). No cost\u2010effective means of rapidly increasing serum and cerebrospinal fluid (\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n with\n WD RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n and then sustaining concentrations with\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n acetate has yet been reported.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To evaluate serum,\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n and muscle \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n concentrations in an 8\u2010week dosing regimen in which horses were transitioned from\n WD RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n to\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n acetate.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Non\u2010randomised controlled trial.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n Healthy horses with serum \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n of <2 \u03bcg\/mL were divided into three groups and followed for 8 weeks. In the control group (n = 5), no \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n was administered. In the second group (Group A; n = 7), 5000 IU\/day\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n acetate was administered. In the third group (Group WD\u2013A; n = 7), doses of 5000 IU\/day of\n WD RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n were administered over 3 weeks, followed by a 4\u2010week transition from\n WD RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n to\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n acetate, and a final 1 week of treatment with\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n acetate. Serum samples were obtained weekly; muscle biopsies were obtained before, at 2.5 weeks and after supplementation.\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n samples were obtained before and after the 8\u2010week period of supplementation.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Serum \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n increased significantly in Group WD\u2013A at week 1 and remained significantly higher than in Group A and the control group throughout the transition, with inter\u2010individual variation in response. Serum \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n increased significantly by week 7 in Group A.\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n increased significantly in Group WD\u2013A only. Muscle \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n concentrations did not differ significantly across groups. Serum and\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n were closely correlated (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.675), whereas serum and muscle\u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n concentrations were not correlated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n \n The study duration was short and data on pre\u2010transition\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n was lacking.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n The administration of 5000 IU\/day of water\u2010dispersible\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n rapidly increases serum \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n . Serum and\n CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n concentrations are sustained with a gradual transition to 5000 IU\/day of\n RRR<\/jats:styled-content>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n acetate. Periodic evaluation of serum \u03b1\u2010\n TP<\/jats:styled-content>\n concentrations is recommended because responses vary among individuals.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,22]],"date-time":"2017-04-22T04:16:47Z","timestamp":1492834607000},"page":"753-758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Effects of feeding two\n RRR<\/scp>\n \u2010\u03b1\u2010tocopherol formulations on serum, cerebrospinal fluid and muscle \u03b1\u2010tocopherol concentrations in horses with subclinical vitamin E deficiency"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2455-9664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. C.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Equine Center College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. J.","family":"Valberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary Anne McPhail Equine Performance Center Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Minnesota Equine Center College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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