{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T09:17:34Z","timestamp":1762075054318,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,5]],"date-time":"2017-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1496620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fern Audette Endowment for Equine Studies"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      West Nile virus (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ), a mosquito borne member of the Flaviviridae, is one of the most commonly diagnosed agents of viral encephalitis in horses and people worldwide.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cassette of markers for formalin\u2010fixed paraffin\u2010embedded tissue and an archive of tissues from experimental infections in the horse were used to investigate the equine neuroimmune response to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      meningoencephalomyelitis to phenotype the early response to\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      infection in the horse.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Quantitative analysis using archived tissue from experimentally infected horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The thalamus and hindbrain from 2 groups of 6 horses were compared and consisted of a culture positive tissues from\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      experimentally horses, in the other, normal horses. Formalin\u2010fixed paraffin\u2010embedded tissue from the thalamus and hindbrain were immunolabeled for microglia, astrocytes, B cells, macrophages\/neutrophils, CD3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T cells. Fresh frozen tissues were immunolabeled for CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T lymphocyte cell markers. Cell counts were obtained using a computer software program. Differences, after meeting assumptions of abnormality, were computed using a general linear model with a Tukey test (P&lt;0.05) for pairwise comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010challenged horses, Iba\u20101\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      microglia, CD3\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T lymphocyte and MAC387\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      macrophage staining were significantly increased. The T cell response for the\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010challenged horses was mixed, composed of CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T lymphocytes. A limited astrocyte response was also observed in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010challenged horses, and MAC387\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      and B cells were the least abundant cell populations.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study were limited by a single collection time post\u2010infection. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis of cellular phenotypes is needed for naturally infected horses. Unfortunately, in clinical horses, there is high variability of sampling in terms of days post\u2010infection and tissue handling.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The data show that\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">WNV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010challenged horses recruit a mixed T cell population at the onset of neurologic disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,4]],"date-time":"2017-05-04T04:46:47Z","timestamp":1493873207000},"page":"815-820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Phenotypic characterisation of cell populations in the brains of horses experimentally infected with West Nile virus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"G. H.","family":"Delcambre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology College of Veterinary Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. J.","family":"Streit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G. P. 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