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While its isolation from different sources has been widely evaluated, there is a need to better understand the\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      epidemiology from samples of the nasal cavity of healthy horses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine the prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      from the nasal cavity of healthy horses, along with its virulence profile, antimicrobial susceptibility and environmental variables associated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Swabs from the nasal cavity of 1010 apparently healthy horses from 341 farms were submitted for bacteriological analyses. The identity and virulence profile of the\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were assessed by multiplex\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ; antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk\u2010diffusion method. The occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      was calculated at the level of both animal and farm. The association of seven specific environmental factors with\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation was assessed using logistic regression and by a spatial scan statistical method to determine the presence of local clusters.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobial\u2010sensitive\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      was isolated from 10 (1%) of 1010 horses ranging between 3 and 29 years old. Ten farms (3%) had at least one positive horse. Only one\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolate (10%) was classified as virulent. Red\u2010Yellow Argisol (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PVA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) soils were significantly associated with\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolation (odds ratio (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) 8.02;\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 1.98\u201332.50, P = 0.01), and areas with well\u2010drained soil were less likely to be test positive (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      0.85;\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <jats:sub>95%<\/jats:sub>\n                      , 0.76\u20130.96, P = 0.03).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The use of culture\u2010based method instead of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010based assay and the lack of soil sampling.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Antimicrobial\u2010sensitive\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be considered a minor part of the normal bacterial flora in the nasal cavity of healthy and immunologically functional horses breeding on pasture. Further studies are warranted to determine if soils rich in iron and well\u2010drained are, in fact, associated with the occurrence of\n                      <jats:italic>R. equi<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,17]],"date-time":"2018-01-17T10:48:44Z","timestamp":1516186124000},"page":"667-671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence of\n                    <i>Rhodococcus equi<\/i>\n                    from the nasal cavity of 1010 apparently healthy horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"L.T.","family":"Gressler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Bairro Camobi Santa Maria \u2013 Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health and Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.P.","family":"da Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Bairro Camobi Santa Maria \u2013 Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.D.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Large Animal Clinical Sciences Texas A&amp;M College Station Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.G.","family":"Corbellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Institute of Mathematics and Statistics and Post\u2010Graduate Program of Epidemiology Faculty of Medicine Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.B.","family":"Leotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Institute of Mathematics and Statistics and Post\u2010Graduate Program of Epidemiology Faculty of Medicine Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.N.","family":"Diehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Agribusiness of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPA\u2010RS), Brazil Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.C.","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Agribusiness of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPA\u2010RS), Brazil Porto Alegre Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9637-4028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A.C.","family":"de Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bacteriology Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Bairro Camobi Santa Maria \u2013 Rio Grande do Sul Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00172-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(97)00085-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2000.217.220"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.1.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"Thrusfield M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","unstructured":"Sergeant E.S.G.(2013)Epitools epidemiological calculators. 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