{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:54:04Z","timestamp":1769554444135,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]],"date-time":"2018-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1518393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010291","name":"United States Equestrian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010291","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"Summary<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Cerebellar Purkinje cell axonal degeneration has been identified in horses with shivering but its relationship with abnormal hindlimb movement has not been elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n \n To characterise surface electromyographic (\n sEMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) hindlimb muscle activity in horses with shivering, correlate with clinical scores and examine horses for Purkinje axonal degeneration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Descriptive controlled clinical study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n The hindlimb of seven shivering and six control draught horses were clinically scored. Biceps femoris (\n BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), vastus lateralis (\n VL<\/jats:styled-content>\n ), tensor fasciae latae and extensor digitorum longus were recorded via\n sEMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n during forward\/backward walking and trotting. Integrated (\n iEMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) and peak\n EMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n activity were compared between groups and correlated with clinical locomotor exam scores. Sections of the deep cerebellar nuclei (\n DCN<\/jats:styled-content>\n ) of six of the seven shivering horses were examined with calbindin immunohistochemistry.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n In control horses, backward walking resembled forward walking (right hindlimb peak\n EMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n : backward: 47.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021.9%, forward: 36.9\u00a0\u00b1\u00a015.7%) but displayed significantly higher amplitudes during trotting (76.1\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.4%). However, in shivering horses, backward walking was significantly different from forward (backward: 88.5\u00a0\u00b1\u00a021.5%, forward: 49.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.9%), and resembled activity during trotting (81.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a04.8%). Specific to backward walking, mean\n sEMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n amplitude fell outside two standard deviations of mean control\n sEMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n for \u226525% of the stride in the\n BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n for all seven and the\n VL<\/jats:styled-content>\n for six of the seven shivering horses. Locomotor exam scores were correlated with peak\n EMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n (r\u00a0=\u00a00.87) and\n iEMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n (r\u00a0=\u00a00.87). Calbindin\u2010positive spheroids were present in Purkinje axons in\n DCN<\/jats:styled-content>\n of all shivering horses examined.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n \n The neuropathological examination focused specifically on the\n DCN<\/jats:styled-content>\n and, therefore, we cannot fully exclude additional lesions that may have influenced abnormal\n sEMG<\/jats:styled-content>\n findings in shivering horses.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Shivering is characterised by abnormally elevated muscle recruitment particularly in\n BF<\/jats:styled-content>\n and\n VL<\/jats:styled-content>\n muscles during backward walking and associated with selective Purkinje cell distal axonal degeneration.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12813","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,22]],"date-time":"2018-01-22T09:58:19Z","timestamp":1516615099000},"page":"636-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Abnormal locomotor muscle recruitment activity is present in horses with shivering and Purkinje cell distal axonopathy"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1242-062X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. E.","family":"Aman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5978-7010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. J.","family":"Valberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Elangovan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nicholson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. S.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Population Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Konczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Kinesiology University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"359","article-title":"Shivers (shivering) in the horse: a review","volume":"52","author":"Baird J.D.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Equine. Pract. 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