{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:20:31Z","timestamp":1788960031327,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1526428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002385","name":"Ministry of Higher Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002385","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In horses castration with primary intention healing is usually performed under balanced inhalation anaesthesia. To optimise analgesia, the use of local anaesthesia was tested.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effect of local mepivacaine before castration with first intention healing under balanced medetomidine\u2010isoflurane anaesthesia and flunixin meglumine, morphine analgesia on perioperative cytokine levels and pain in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective blinded clinical study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty stallions were randomly assigned to control or mepivacaine groups. Flunixin meglumine was administered before sedation with medetomidine and followed by ketamine\/diazepam intravenously (i.v.). Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and 3.5 \u03bcg\/kg per hour medetomidine. Mepivacaine horses were given mepivacaine 2% (3.5 mL SC, 1 mL\/100 kg intrafunicularly, 2 mL\/100 kg intratesticularly) on each side. For recovery, horses were given 2 \u03bcg\/kg medetomidine i.v. and 0.1 mg\/kg morphine i.m. and oral phenylbutazone (0.02 mg\/kg q12h) for post\u2010operative analgesia. One hour before premedication and 4, 8 and 24 h post\u2010incision, pain was scored with three different pain scales (Equine Utrecht University Scale for Facial Assessment of Pain, Horse Grimace Scale, Equine Utrecht University Scale for Composite Pain Assessment) and plasma cytokines (interleukin\u20106 and tumour necrosis factor alpha) were measured. Data were analysed using repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression and unpaired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test, significance level P\u22640.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses in both groups showed a significant increase in pain scores and cytokines compared to baseline. Post\u2010operatively the mepivacaine group exhibited significantly lower pain scores and cytokine levels. Mean heart rate during anaesthesia was significantly lower in the mepivacaine group compared to control group (28.8 \u00b1 1 and 33.2 \u00b1 1.7 respectively). Otherwise there were no differences between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The decision to provide additional analgesia was based on the attending surgeon's assessment rather than a standardised rescue analgesia plan based on pain scores. The study was only conducted for 24 h post\u2010castration and complications were not recorded.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Local mepivacaine before castration with primary wound closure improved anaesthesia quality, attenuated post\u2010operative increases in cytokines and reduced post\u2010operative pain despite balanced anaesthesia with multimodal analgesia in control horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12947","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,16]],"date-time":"2018-04-16T12:15:06Z","timestamp":1523880906000},"page":"733-738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Local mepivacaine before castration of horses under medetomidine isoflurane balanced anaesthesia is effective to reduce perioperative nociception and cytokine release"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Abass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Department Division of Anaesthesiology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Anaesthesiology and Radiology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Mansoura University Mansoura Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Picek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Department Division of Anaesthesiology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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