{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:49:44Z","timestamp":1787014184676,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]],"date-time":"2018-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reserpine is a popular drug in the equine industry for long\u2010term tranquilisation. Clinical observations revealed that blood from horses receiving oral reserpine was hypercoagulable. No studies have documented the pharmacokinetics of orally administered reserpine nor the effects of reserpine on platelets in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of oral reserpine in horses and the effects of clinically relevant concentrations of reserpine on platelet functionality in\u00a0vitro.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Experimental controlled study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The pharmacokinetics of oral reserpine (2.5\u00a0mg\/horse, once) were determined in six healthy adult horses. Plasma samples were collected and concentrations of reserpine were determined by\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">UPLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Using this data, the in\u00a0vitro effects of reserpine on platelets were examined. Aggregation, adhesion and releasate assays for serotonin and thromboxane B\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      were performed on platelets exposed to varying concentrations of reserpine (0.01\u201310\u00a0ng\/mL), aspirin (negative control) and saline (unexposed control).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral reserpine administration demonstrated low plasma concentrations with a C\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      of 0.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.06\u00a0ng\/mL and a prolonged half\u2010life of 23.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.24\u00a0h. Simulations over a dose range of 2\u20138\u00a0\u03bcg\/kg predicted C\n                      <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                      at steady state between 0.06\u20130.9\u00a0ng\/mL. Platelets exposed to these reserpine concentrations in\u00a0vitro displayed increased aggregation and adhesion compared to unexposed or aspirin\u2010exposed platelets as well as compared to higher concentrations of reserpine. These functional changes correlated with lower concentrations of serotonin and higher concentrations of thromboxane B\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      in the platelet suspension supernatant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study used a small number of horses and only in\u00a0vitro platelet experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral reserpine demonstrates low plasma concentrations and a prolonged half\u2010life in horses. At these concentrations, reserpine causes significant changes in platelet function, most likely due to serotonin release and re\u2010uptake which primes platelets for activation and thromboxane B\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      release. These findings suggest that clinicians should harvest blood for biological processing prior to the onset of reserpine administration.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T09:19:40Z","timestamp":1542878380000},"page":"537-543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Oral reserpine administration in horses results in low plasma concentrations that alter platelet biology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"J. M.","family":"Gilbertie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences &amp; Pathobiology Virginia\u2010Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Blacksburg Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G. S.","family":"Davidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Services College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A. M.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacy Services College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. M.","family":"Schirmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1993-8141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L. V.","family":"Schnabel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine Raleigh North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1991.tb03259.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9888(199702)32:2<152::AID-JMS456>3.0.CO;2-W"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Rauwolfia in the treatment of hypertension","volume":"14","author":"Lobay D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Integr. Med. 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