{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1787014182297,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]],"date-time":"2019-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is limited knowledge of the breathing strategy and impact on the patency of the upper respiratory tract (URT) in swimming horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe the respiratory responses and endoscopic appearance of the URT during tethered swimming in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective descriptive study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten race\u2010fit horses, with no history of URT obstruction, were examined during tethered swimming. Endoscopic examination, heart rate, sound recordings and above and below water video recordings were obtained. Plasma lactate concentration was measured before and 5\u00a0min after swimming and tracheal endoscopy was performed 30\u00a0min after exercise to assess for presence of blood or mucus. Four horses also underwent endoscopy during exercise on the track.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean (\u00b1s.d.) breathing frequency was 28\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05\u00a0breaths\/min during swimming, with a brief inspiration (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0s.d. T\n                      <jats:sub>I<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.51\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.08\u00a0s), followed by a period of apnoea (1.59\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.53\u00a0s) and then a short, forced expiration (T\n                      <jats:sub>E<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.42\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.5\u00a0s). During apnoea all horses exhibited complete collapse of the URT including closure of the external nares, nasopharynx and rima glottidis (with bilateral adduction of the arytenoid cartilages and vocal folds) and, in two horses, epiglottic retroversion. No horses had URT collapse during overground exercise. Locomotor\u2010respiratory coupling was not observed during swimming. Median (IQR) plasma lactate post swim was 4.71\u00a0mmol\/L (2.08\u20138.09\u00a0mmol\/L) vs 0.68\u00a0mmol\/L (0.65\u20130.71\u00a0mmol\/L) preswim. Post swim endoscopy revealed grade 1 exercise\u2010induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) in 2 horses. Median mucus grade was 1 (range 0\u20133).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overground endoscopy was not performed in all horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Horses experienced complete URT collapse associated with post inspiratory apnoea when swimming. The reason for this is unknown but may be to aid buoyancy or associated with the mammalian dive response \u2013 a survival reflex to preserve oxygen stores and prevent water entering the lungs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,8]],"date-time":"2019-09-08T22:09:41Z","timestamp":1567980581000},"page":"352-358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Complete upper airway collapse and apnoea during tethered swimming in horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8785-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Jones","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne Equine Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6761-5371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Franklin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Adelaide Equine Health and Performance Centre Roseworthy South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sperero Pty Ltd Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne Equine Centre Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.60.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2002.tb05454.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Swimming \u2013 A method to study the physiologic response of the horse to exercise","volume":"49","author":"Nicholl T.K.","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1986.47.09.2004","article-title":"Endocrinologic, hematologic, and heart rate changes in swimming horses","volume":"47","author":"Garcia M.C.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00583916"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Medical aspects of sports diving","volume":"26","author":"Bove A.A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"SPUMS Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00652"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04734.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","unstructured":"Jones J.andHiraga A.(2008)Metabolic cardiovascular and respiratory responses to swimming in horses. In:Proc. Havemeyer Foundation Monograph series 20. Exercise induced pulmonary haemorrhage: state of current knowledge. pp34\u201036."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/0425164044864525"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.596"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"The effect of swimming training on the cardiac dimensions in thoroughbred horses","author":"Davie A.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"Swimming: its influence on heart rate, respiration rate and some hematological values in the horse","volume":"1","author":"Fregin G.F.","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"R814","article-title":"Trigeminal and chemoreceptor contributions to bradycardia during voluntary dives in rats","volume":"273","author":"McCulloch P.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Human\u2019s association with water bodies: the \u2018Exaggerated Diving Reflex\u2019and its relationship with the evolutionary allometry of human pelvic and brain sizes","volume":"28","author":"Oppenheimer S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Evol."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40656-018-0188-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00020.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00169"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","first-page":"331","article-title":"The hemodynamic response of the horse to swimming with and without furosemide","volume":"1","author":"Milne D.W.","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Equine Med. Surg."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2005.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","first-page":"27","article-title":"Swimming exercise in horses","volume":"13","author":"Murakami M.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Exp. Rep. Equine Health Lab."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z89-070"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1970.157.03.304","article-title":"Heart rates and blood lactate concentrations of standardbred horses during training and racing","volume":"157","author":"Asheim A.","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20140405"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05525.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2241"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.03.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.135.10.226"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6849136"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00184.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133936"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.03.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1994.55.03.368"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12786"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2017.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2016.11.005"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fevj.13177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.13177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/evj.13177","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.13177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:43:08Z","timestamp":1762069388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.13177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.13177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.13177","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-08-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-10-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}