{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T22:31:56Z","timestamp":1778279516999,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]],"date-time":"2020-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacological preconditioning of dexmedetomidine on small intestinal ischaemia\/reperfusion injury has been reported in different animal models including horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective was to assess if xylazine and lidocaine have a preconditioning effect in an experimental model of equine jejunal ischaemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Terminal in vivo experiment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ten horses under general anaesthesia were either preconditioned with xylazine (group X; n\u00a0=\u00a05) or lidocaine (group L; n\u00a0=\u00a05). A historical untreated control group (group C; n\u00a0=\u00a05) was used for comparison. An established experimental model of equine jejunal ischaemia was applied, and intestinal samples were taken pre\u2010ischaemia, after ischaemia and following reperfusion. Histomorphological examination was performed based on a modified Chiu score. Immunohistochemical staining for cleaved caspase\u20103, TUNEL and calprotectin was performed, and positive cell counts were expressed in cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was no progression of histomorphological mucosal injury from ischaemia to reperfusion, and there were no differences in histomorphology between the groups. After ischaemia, group X had significantly less caspase\u2010positive cells compared to the control group with a median difference of 227% (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.01). After reperfusion, group X exhibited significantly lower calprotectin\u2010positive cell counts compared to the control group, with a median difference of 6.8 cells\/mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      in the mucosa and 44 cells in the serosa (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.02 and .05 respectively). All groups showed an increase in caspase\u2010 and calprotectin\u2010positive cells during reperfusion (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05). TUNEL\u2010positive cells increased during ischaemia, followed by a decrease after reperfusion (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The small sample size and the use of a historical control group. Preconditioning effects of the tested drugs may be masked by the protective effects of isoflurane in the anaesthetic protocol.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preconditioning with lidocaine did not have any effect on the tested variables. The lower cell counts of caspase\u2010 and calprotectin\u2010positive cells in group X may indicate a beneficial effect of xylazine on ischaemia\/reperfusion injury. Due to the absence of a concurrent reduction of histomorphological injury, the clinical significance remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T10:39:13Z","timestamp":1583145553000},"page":"125-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Preconditioning with lidocaine and xylazine in experimental equine jejunal ischaemia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8744-7635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Verhaar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Pfarrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Anatomy University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Neudeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Rohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biometry University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Twele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"K\u00e4stner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Horses University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119063254"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4199\/C00090ED1V01Y201309ISP044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(12)12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2561"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.03.073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"815225","article-title":"Ischaemic preconditioning and pharmacological preconditioning with dexmedetomidine in an equine model of small intestinal ischaemia\u2010reperfusion","author":"K\u00f6nig KS","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12355"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20100406"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.70.10.1259"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X293574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.78.8.977"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.574"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vaa.12176"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaa.2017.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.75.11.990"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2018.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1980.41.02.193","article-title":"Mucosal alterations in experimentally induced small intestinal strangulation obstruction in ponies","volume":"41","author":"White N","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2012.08.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","unstructured":"BargGL KraemerDF OrlandoF.The exact Friedman test and multiple comparison procedure in macro form. 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