{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:54:06Z","timestamp":1783569246645,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]],"date-time":"2020-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1595462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001655","name":"Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Proximal sesamoid bone (PSB) fracture is the most common fatal injury in Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses in the United States. Epidemiological and pathological evidence indicates PSB fracture is likely the acute culmination of a chronic stress\u2010related process. However, the aetiopathogenesis of PSB fracture is poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise bone abnormalities that precede PSB fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two retrospective case\u2010control groups of PSBs from TB racehorses with, and without, unilateral biaxial PSB fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Proximal sesamoid bones were harvested post\u2010mortem from TB racehorses subjected to euthanasia for unilateral biaxial PSB fracture (cases) or causes unrelated to PSB fracture (controls) while racing or training. The fractured medial PSB (FX\u2010PSB) and contralateral intact medial PSB (CLI\u2010PSB) from racehorses that sustained PSB fracture, and an intact medial PSB (CTRL\u2010PSB) from racehorses that did not have a PSB fracture were collected as case and control specimens.\n                      <jats:italic>Study 1<\/jats:italic>\n                      distributions of morphological features were compared among case and control groups using visual examination, photographs, radiographs and histology of whole PSBs and serial sagittal sections (10 FX\u2010PSB, 10 CLI\u2010PSB and 10 CTRL\u2010PSB).\n                      <jats:italic>Study 2<\/jats:italic>\n                      local bone volume fraction and mineral densities were compared among case and control PSBs using microcomputed tomography (9 FX\u2010PSB, 9 CLI\u2010PSB and 9 CTRL\u2010PSB).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A focal subchondral lesion characterised by colocalised focal discoloration, radiolucency, osteopenia, low tissue mineral density and a surrounding region of dense cancellous bone was identified in most case horses but not in controls. This subchondral lesion was found in a slightly abaxial mid\u2010body location and was bilaterally present in most case horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The post\u2010mortem samples may not represent the spectrum of abnormalities that occur throughout the development of the subchondral lesion. Lateral PSBs were not examined, so their contribution to biaxial PSB fracture pathogenesis is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Abaxial subchondral lesions are consistent with pre\u2010existing injury and likely associated with PSB fracture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,31]],"date-time":"2020-05-31T05:15:16Z","timestamp":1590902116000},"page":"294-305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Subchondral focal osteopenia associated with proximal sesamoid bone fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-7385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah 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University of California\u2010Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System University of California\u2010Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2111-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan M.","family":"Stover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences University of California\u2010Davis Davis CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04395.x","article-title":"Causes of death in racehorses over a 2 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