{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:13:49Z","timestamp":1777047229322,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,8]],"date-time":"2020-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AUX 395\/2018 PGCI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AUX 395\/2018 PGCI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recognising pain in donkeys is challenging because they are stoic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify the responses of donkeys before and after surgical pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective, short\u2010term longitudinal pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention observations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty adult donkeys underwent surgical castration after sedation with intravenous (IV) xylazine, induction with guaiphenesin\/thiopental IV and maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane and local anaesthetic blockade. Four hours after recovery from anaesthesia, flunixin meglumine 1.1\u00a0mg\/kg, dipyrone 10\u00a0mg\/kg and morphine 0.2\u00a0mg\/kg IV were administered. Behavioural responses exhibited by the animals housed in individual stalls were recorded in four 30\u2010min videos: before castration (M0), and 3.5\u20104.0\u00a0hours (M1), 5.5\u20106.0\u00a0hours (M2) and 23.5\u201024.0\u00a0hours after recovery from anaesthesia (M3). To exclude the influence of insects, the behaviour of six apparently pain\u2010free donkeys was compared with and without the presence of faeces and urine in the stall.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When compared with presurgical baseline behaviours (M0), after surgery (M1) donkeys raised their pelvic limbs more (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.003). When compared with M1, after analgesia (M2), the median frequencies of ear movements (44 vs 16;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), head shaking (7 vs 1;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001), head turning (5 vs 0;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) and lifting of the both limbs (7 vs 0;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.008) decreased; feeding (0 vs 29;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) and water intake (0 vs 0, range 0\u20101 vs 0\u20107;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.05) increased. The dirty stall increased tail (53 vs 80;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.03), head (16 vs 30;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.03) and ear movements (50 vs 78;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The dirty stall and presence of insects possibly contributed to the expression of behaviours unrelated to pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lifting the pelvic limbs was the only specific pain behaviour after castration in donkeys. Analgesia restored appetite and water intake and reduced the frequency of head shaking and turning, ear movement and lifting the limbs. Tail, head and ear movements are unspecific responses related both to pain and a dirty stall, and are confounding factors when pain is assessed in donkeys in the presence of insects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13306","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,11]],"date-time":"2020-06-11T07:16:18Z","timestamp":1591859778000},"page":"261-266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Post\u2010operative pain behaviour associated with surgical castration in donkeys (\n                    <i>Equus asinus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2929-9590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Gl\u00e1ucia Carlos","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi\u2010\u00c1rido (UFERSA) Mossor\u00f3, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5312-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stelio P. L.","family":"Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo State University (Unesp) Botucatu Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1915-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Talyta Lins","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bahia Federal University (UFBA) Salvador Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8651-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo R.","family":"Firmino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi\u2010\u00c1rido (UFERSA) Mossor\u00f3, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3446-0454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amara Gyane A.","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi\u2010\u00c1rido (UFERSA) Mossor\u00f3, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5927-0545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josiel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal Rural do Semi\u2010\u00c1rido (UFERSA) Mossor\u00f3, Rio Grande do Norte Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8522-5553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro H. 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