{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:27:43Z","timestamp":1790872063152,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]],"date-time":"2020-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intra\u2010articular (IA) antibiotic usage is prevalent in equine practice. However, recent emergence of antimicrobial resistance prompts re\u2010evaluation of antibiotic selection, particularly when used prophylactically. Furthermore, many commonly used antibiotics exert direct cytotoxicity to equine cells, and appropriate IA doses have not been defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To screen antibiotics in vitro as an initial assessment of cytotoxicity against normal equine joint cells in monolayer culture and explant tissues.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chondrocytes and synovial cells were harvested from three horses and plated on 24\u2010well plates (100\u00a0000 cells\/wells in triplicate) for 48\u00a0hours prior to addition of antibiotics. Joint cells were exposed to antibiotics (n\u00a0=\u00a015) at various doses (25\u20100.39\u00a0mg\/mL in complete DMEM media) for 24\u00a0hours and viability was assessed by trypan blue dye exclusion. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was determined for each antibiotic. Cartilage explants were obtained from 3 horses, minced and exposed to antibiotics (n\u00a0=\u00a05) for 72\u00a0hours. Live\/dead staining was performed, and fluorescence was visualised using Olympus IX83 spinning disk confocal microscope. Percentage of live vs dead cells was quantified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antibiotics from different antimicrobial classes expressed dose\u2010dependent but variable cytotoxicity to equine joint cells in vitro. Aminoglycosides and doxycycline had the lowest IC50 (most toxic). Ampicillin sulbactam, imipenem, tobramycin, ceftiofur sodium and amoxicillin had IC50\u00a0&gt;\u00a025\u00a0mg\/mL for at least one cell line, representing potentially less cytotoxic alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Further studies are necessary to extrapolate these in vitro data results to the in vivo joint environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Targeted IA antibiotic therapy would involve selection of the safest antibiotics (highest IC50) with efficacy based on bacterial culture\/sensitivity. Antimicrobial selection and evidence\u2010based dosing may minimise damage to native articular cartilage and synovial cells and development of antimicrobial resistance when IA antibiotics are used in equine practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,16]],"date-time":"2020-06-16T16:39:47Z","timestamp":1592325587000},"page":"579-589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Use of in vitro assays to identify antibiotics that are cytotoxic to normal equine chondrocytes and synovial cells"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4990-5006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Pezzanite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6413-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyndah","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Piquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3522-5587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregg","family":"Griffenhagen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2944-8250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5488-9464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8010-4429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurie","family":"Goodrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Institute College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00324.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13063"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.12.2014","article-title":"Comparison of the effect of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan, corticosteroids, and sodium hyaluronate in the potentiation of a subinfective dose of Staphylococcus aureus in the midcarpal joint of horses","volume":"50","author":"Gustafson SB","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1989.50.12.2018","article-title":"Further investigations into the potentiation of infection by intra\u2010articular injection of polysulfated glycosaminoglycan and the effect of filtration and intra\u2010articular injection of amikacin","volume":"50","author":"Gustafson SB","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vsu.12563"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12073"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406776563233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12247"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","unstructured":"Amato\u2010GauciA AmmonA.The First European Communicable Disease Epidemiological Report. 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