{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:44:46Z","timestamp":1772160286794,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,19]],"date-time":"2020-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001280","name":"Horserace Betting Levy Board","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001280","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early pregnancy loss (EPL) occurs in approximately 8% of equine pregnancies, although the aetiology is mostly unknown and embryonic\/fetal morphological abnormalities associated with EPL are not defined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the morphology of EPL to clinically normal embryos\/fetuses and previously described embryonic\/fetal developmental milestones. To identify morphological abnormalities associated with equine EPL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational case\u2010control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Embryos\/fetuses were obtained from clinically normal Thoroughbred and pony pregnancies (n\u00a0=\u00a011) and following EPL from Thoroughbred mares (n\u00a0=\u00a027). The crown\u2010rump length (CRL) of embryos\/fetuses was measured and macroscopic morphology and developmental age were determined independently by three blinded examiners. Sagittal sections of EPL (n\u00a0=\u00a013) and control (n\u00a0=\u00a06) embryos\/fetuses were assessed microscopically. Fisher's exact test was used to determine significance (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) and correlations were expressed by Pearson coefficient.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Age and CRL were strongly positively correlated in clinically normal Thoroughbred and reference (n\u00a0=\u00a015,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.9 (95% CI: 0.8\u20101.0),\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.9,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.0001) but not EPL embryos\/fetuses (n\u00a0=\u00a019,\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.1 (95% CI: \u22120.4 to 0.5),\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.01,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a0.75). Relative to controls, the CRL of EPL embryos\/fetuses was smaller, with evidence of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in 3\/8 fetuses assessed. In 9\/13 EPL embryos\/fetuses, nonspecific neural tissue alterations were identified including disruption of developing pros\u2010, mes\u2010 and rhombencephalon and the presence of haemosiderin, indicating premortem haemorrhage. Failed neural tube closure was identified in 1\/13 EPL embryos\/fetuses. Subcutaneous haemorrhage was present in 14\/27 EPL embryos\/fetuses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autolysis significantly affected 15\/27 EPL embryos\/fetuses, excluding them from complete assessment. The IUGR reference cut\u2010off values were based on a small number of controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Morphological features associated with equine EPL were a mismatch between embryonic\/fetal size and age, and alterations of the developing neural tissue and localised subcutaneous haemorrhage. Failed neural tube closure was confirmed as a rare specific abnormality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:20:21Z","timestamp":1598919621000},"page":"530-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fetal morphological features and abnormalities associated with equine early pregnancy loss"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1217-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Kahler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9800-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imelda M.","family":"McGonnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriette","family":"Smart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alycia A.","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"},{"name":"Veterinary Care University of Wisconsin Madison USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4861-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ken C.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences Royal Veterinary College Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8206-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. 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