{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:44:45Z","timestamp":1772160285634,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>African horse sickness (AHS) is a devastating viral disease of equids that was first recorded in 1327. Currently, prevention and control of the disease are based on attenuated vaccines and midge control. It has been shown that attenuated Orbivirus vaccines are not always safe as they may reverse to virulence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the Emirate of Dubai, a vaccination experiment was carried out with an inactivated AHS vaccine produced at the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL), Dubai, UAE to investigate the humoral antibody response of AHS\u2010na\u00efve horses to this vaccine. Our vaccination experiment was performed to establish an AHS vaccine bank in the UAE to protect horses from the disease in case of an outbreak. Therefore, CVRL established an inactivated AHS vaccine containing all nine serotypes which induce high neutralising antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 10 horses kept in a desert isolation area were subcutaneously and intramuscularly vaccinated with an inactivated vaccine containing all nine AHS serotypes previously isolated from Kenyan horse fatalities. Primary immunisation was followed by two booster immunisations 4\u00a0weeks and 6\u00a0months apart. After 13\u00a0months, an annual booster was administered.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples were regularly withdrawn for ELISA and virus neutralisation testing. Additionally, EDTA blood was tested every second day for 14\u00a0days post each vaccination for the presence of AHS virus or its RNA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results show that ELISA and virus neutralising antibodies appeared after the first booster, declined after 4\u20106\u00a0months and therefore three vaccinations and an annual vaccination are necessary to achieve high protective virus neutralising antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>No challenge infection was carried out due to the lack of a safe facility in the UAE.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Before more advanced AHS vaccines become a reality, inactivated vaccines containing all nine serotypes should be used as they produce high ELISA and neutralising antibodies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,4]],"date-time":"2020-10-04T04:13:14Z","timestamp":1601784794000},"page":"826-833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Humoral antibody response of 10 horses after vaccination against African horse sickness with an inactivated vaccine containing all 9 serotypes in one injection"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8693-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Wernery","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rekha","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ginu","family":"Syriac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shruti","family":"Miriam Thomas M","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6898-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shyna K.","family":"Elizabeth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Federico Ronchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise \u201cG. Caporale\u201d Teramo Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubeena","family":"Muhammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nissy A.","family":"Patteril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunitha","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Veterinary Research Laboratory Dubai UAE"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"1231","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of livestock","author":"Coetzer J","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"689","volume-title":"Infectious and parasitic diseases of livestock","author":"St Zientara X","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Atlas of transboundary animal diseases","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez PJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102967"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.087"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","first-page":"72","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of the horse","author":"Guthrie AJ","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"AielloSE MosesMA AllenDG.Merck veterinary manual.Kenilworth USA:Merck and Co. 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