{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:48:15Z","timestamp":1790876895142,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["792212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["792212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In several mammalian species, acute endometritis driven by the recruitment of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) occurs in response to semen. These PMNs release DNA to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in cattle, horse and human, leading to sperm entrapment. While there is no evidence of this phenomenon occurring in donkeys, artificial insemination (AI) with frozen\u2010thawed semen, which results in very poor pregnancy rates, leads to a large PMN recruitment to the uterus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate whether donkey semen can trigger NET release (NETosis) and if excessive NETosis occurs in response to frozen\u2010thawed semen.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Jenny PMNs were exposed to jackass fresh or frozen\u2010thawed semen, isolated sperm or seminal plasma (SP), over the course of three experiments. NET formation in response to different treatments was assessed through manual quantification of stained slides. A one\u2010way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by a post hoc Sidak test, was carried out to determine statistical significance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      NET release occurred in a semen concentration\u2010 and incubation\u2010time\u2010dependent manner. Surprisingly, frozen\u2010thawed donkey sperm did not increase NETosis rate in comparison with the control (23\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.5% vs. 31\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.7%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a0.05), whereas fresh semen exposure did (78\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.7% vs. 26\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.2%,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01). NETosis increased in the presence of SP, regardless of the presence or absence of sperm, in comparison with the control in both fresh (84\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.2% and 77\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.0% vs. 12\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.7%, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) and frozen (95\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.2% and 94\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.9% vs. 14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.8%, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.01) samples. Moreover, exposure of PMN to viable and motile sperm, in the absence of SP, did not increase NETosis rates (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Donkey SP, and not sperm\u2010intrinsic factors, is able to trigger NETosis in both time\u2010 and semen concentration\u2010dependent manner. The physiological relevance of such response against semen in the donkey remains to be elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T10:31:36Z","timestamp":1619605896000},"page":"415-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Seminal plasma, and not sperm, induces time and concentration\u2010dependent neutrophil extracellular trap release in donkeys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Yentel","family":"Mateo\u2010Otero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology of Animal and Human Reproduction (TechnoSperm) Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology University of Girona  Girona Spain"},{"name":"Unit of Cell Biology Department of Biology Faculty of Sciences University of Girona  Girona 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