{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:38:56Z","timestamp":1785577136913,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,22]],"date-time":"2021-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1632268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injection techniques for retrobulbar anaesthesia are published in horses, but neither safety nor anaesthetic efficacy and duration have been evaluated objectively in vivo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise the safety and efficacy of one published technique for retrobulbar anaesthesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Randomised, controlled descriptive experiment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unilateral retrobulbar injection with 10\u00a0mL lidocaine (2%) was performed in eight sedated adult mares. Contralateral eyes served as untreated controls. Neurophthalmic parameters, intraocular pressure (IOP), and corneal and periocular sensation were measured awake, post\u2010sedation and at periodic time points for 24\u00a0hours following injection. Adverse effects were documented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Injection of 10\u00a0mL lidocaine significantly increased IOP for up to 2\u00a0hours (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05) maximally at 30\u00a0min (mean [95% CI]: 6.0 [2.7, 9.2] mm\u00a0Hg,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Six of the eight treated eyes developed mild to moderate reversible chemosis for 2 to 24\u00a0hours. One eye developed severe chemosis and superficial corneal ulceration at 24 and 48\u00a0hours following injection respectively. Corneal sensitivity significantly decreased for 6\u00a0hours (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.05), maximally at 10\u00a0min (\u221244.4 [\u221234.6, \u221254.1] mm,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001). Periocular sensitivity (measured as increase in applied force) significantly decreased dorsally and medially for up to 2\u00a0hours (maximal at 2\u00a0hours (367.1 [238.5, 495.7] g,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001, and at 30\u00a0min: 345.8 [202.6, 488.9] g,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a0.001) respectively). Ventral and lateral sensitivity were not effectively decreased beyond 30\u00a0min. Optic nerve function was not consistently reduced following injection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Investigators were not masked to the treated eye.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrobulbar injection using 10\u00a0mL lidocaine is safe in normal eyes of adult horses, but carries risk in structurally compromised or glaucomatous eyes due to transient IOP increase. Reversible chemosis commonly develops 2\u20104h following injection, and may be severe in some horses with risk for corneal ulceration. Corneal anaesthesia is rapid and prolonged, but all periocular regions are not consistently anaesthetised. Retrobulbar injection should be combined with other local anaesthetic injections for eyelid surgeries or enucleations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,16]],"date-time":"2021-08-16T04:12:14Z","timestamp":1629087134000},"page":"807-819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Retrobulbar lidocaine injection via the supraorbital fossa is safe in adult horses but produces regionally variable periocular anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Vanessa Y.","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3523-9439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua Seth","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Harmelink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott J.","family":"Hetzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics Institute for Clinical and Translational Research (ICTR) University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison  Madison WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of Wisconsin\u2014Madison  Madison WI 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