{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:37:04Z","timestamp":1790987824250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insulin dysregulation (ID) is diagnosed in horses and ponies using oral glucose (OGTT) and oral sugar (OSTT) tolerance tests. The enteroinsular axis plays a major role in postprandial glucose disposal and insulin response in horses, ponies and foals. The insulin and incretin response to oral carbohydrate challenges has not been characterised in donkeys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>(a) To characterise OGTT and OSTT, and (b) to assess the plasma incretin response to OGTT and OSTT in healthy donkeys.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vivo experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six healthy adult female Andalusian donkeys were challenged with OGTT (1\u00a0g\/kg glucose, 20% solution by nasogastric tube) and OSTT (0.45\u00a0mL\/kg corn syrup orally by syringe) with a 1\u2010week washout. Blood samples were collected for glucose (spectrophotometry), insulin (radioimmunoassay), glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, ELISA) and active glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 (aGLP\u20101, ELISA) determination over 6\u00a0hours. Curves were analysed and proxies calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Glucose and insulin concentrations peaked at 180\u00a0minutes in OGTT, but at 300 and 150\u00a0minutes in OSTT, respectively. Plasma GIP concentrations increased in the OGTT and OSTT (peaked at 180 and 360\u00a0minutes, respectively), but aGLP\u20101 increased only in OGTT (240\u00a0minutes).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single breed, narrow age and sample, diet, season and not having donkeys with evidence of ID to provide clinical validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Donkeys have a functional enteroinsular axis that is activated by enteral carbohydrates. Donkeys have evident endocrine differences with horses, supporting the validation of the OSTT and OGTT to assess insulin sensitivity in this species to avoid extrapolation from horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,12]],"date-time":"2021-12-12T03:35:48Z","timestamp":1639280148000},"page":"1123-1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Characterisation of the oral glucose and sugar tolerance tests and the enteroinsular axis response in healthy adult donkeys"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7725-8080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba  Cordoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Buzon\u2010Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba  Cordoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9063-540X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramiro E.","family":"Toribio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences The Ohio State University  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4086-0940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandro","family":"Perez\u2010Ecija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Cordoba  Cordoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12685","article-title":"Characterisation of clotting factors, anticoagulant protein activities and viscoelastic analysis in healthy donkeys","volume":"49","author":"Perez\u2010Ecija A","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.08.011","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology in donkeys and mules","volume":"35","author":"Mendoza FJ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16015","article-title":"Reference intervals of acute phase proteins in healthy Andalusian donkeys and response to experimentally induced endotoxemia","volume":"35","author":"Perez\u2010Ecija A","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.02.001","article-title":"Donkey internal medicine\u2014part I: metabolic, endocrine, and alimentary tract disturbances","volume":"65","author":"Mendoza FJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2019.07.001","article-title":"Metabolic and endocrine disorders in donkeys","volume":"35","author":"Mendoza FJ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13034","article-title":"Evaluation of dynamic testing for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction diagnosis in donkeys","volume":"51","author":"Mejia\u2010Pereira S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13482","article-title":"Evaluation of the combined glucose\u2010insulin and intravenous glucose tolerance tests for insulin dysregulation diagnosis in donkeys","volume":"54","author":"Mendoza FJ","year":"2022","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)","author":"Frank N","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.03.004","article-title":"Energy\u2010related parameters and their association with age, gender, and morphometric measurements in healthy donkeys","volume":"204","author":"Mendoza FJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2015.08.015","article-title":"Characterization of the intravenous glucose tolerance test and the combined glucose\u2010insulin test in donkeys","volume":"206","author":"Mendoza FJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.09.002","article-title":"Effect of intravenous glucose and combined glucose\u2010insulin challenges on energy\u2010regulating hormones concentrations in donkeys","volume":"240","author":"Mendoza FJ","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(97)90202-2","article-title":"Plasma glucose and cortisol responses to exogenous insulin in fasted donkeys","volume":"62","author":"Forhead AJ","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.04.106","article-title":"Insulin resistance in standard donkeys (Equus asinus) of three body conditions\u2010thin, moderate, and obese","volume":"29","author":"McLean\u2217 AK","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.09.064","article-title":"Glucose homeostasis and the enteroinsular axis in the horse: a possible role in equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"199","author":"De Graaf\u2010Roelfsema E","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2752","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15641","article-title":"Enteroinsular axis response to carbohydrates and fasting in healthy newborn foals","volume":"33","author":"Rings LM","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2019.04.014","article-title":"The incretin system in healthy humans: the role of GIP and GLP\u20101","volume":"96","author":"Holst JJ","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15363","article-title":"Insulin and incretin responses to grazing in insulin\u2010dysregulated and healthy ponies","volume":"33","author":"Fitzgerald DM","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00362.2015","article-title":"Equine hyperinsulinemia: investigation of the enteroinsular axis during insulin dysregulation","volume":"310","author":"De Laat MA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2019.105351","article-title":"Comparison of fasted basal insulin with the combined glucose\u2010insulin test in horses and ponies with suspected insulin dysregulation","volume":"252","author":"Olley RB","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2020.102954","article-title":"Comparison of two diagnostic methods to detect insulin dysregulation in horses under field conditions","volume":"88","author":"Van Den Wollenberg L","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","first-page":"17","volume-title":"A Guide to Live Weight Estimation and Body Condition Scoring of Donkeys","author":"Pearson RA","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12056","article-title":"Adiposity, plasma insulin, leptin, lipids, and oxidative stress in mature light breed horses","volume":"27","author":"Pleasant RS","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1986.tb03556.x","article-title":"Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in ponies and Standardbred horses","volume":"18","author":"Jeffcott LB","year":"1986","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12826","article-title":"Effect of varying the dose of corn syrup on the insulin and glucose response to the oral sugar test","volume":"50","author":"Jocelyn NA","year":"2018","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2010.12.004","article-title":"Equine metabolic syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Frank N","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105652","article-title":"Energy hormone response to fasting\u2010induced dyslipidemia in obese and non\u2010obese donkeys","volume":"271","author":"Perez\u2010Ecija A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.01.009","article-title":"Comparison of plasma active glucagon\u2010like peptide 1 concentrations in normal horses and those with equine metabolic syndrome and in horses placed on a high\u2010grain diet","volume":"40","author":"Chameroy KA","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2011.00475.x","article-title":"Use of proxy measurements of insulin sensitivity and insulin secretory response to distinguish between normal and previously laminitic ponies","volume":"44","author":"Borer KE","year":"2012","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2005.66.1598","article-title":"Physiologic assessment of blood glucose homeostasis via combined intravenous glucose and insulin testing in horses","volume":"66","author":"Eiler H","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00939.x","article-title":"Seasonal changes in the combined glucose\u2010insulin tolerance test in normal aged horses","volume":"26","author":"Funk RA","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1990.51.03.408","article-title":"Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum biochemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus)","volume":"51","author":"Zinkl JG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/S0737-0806(06)81289-X","article-title":"Glucose\u2010tolerance in the horse, pony and donkey","volume":"12","author":"June V","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15788","article-title":"Effect of long\u2010term overfeeding of a high\u2010energy diet on glucose tolerance in Shetland pony mares","volume":"34","author":"D' Fonseca NMM","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(02)00014-7","article-title":"Insulin and glucose regulation","volume":"18","author":"Ralston SL","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12413","article-title":"Comparison of the in\u2010feed glucose test and the oral sugar test","volume":"48","author":"Smith S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.09.006","article-title":"Assessment of insulin and glucose dynamics by using an oral sugar test in horses","volume":"34","author":"Schuver A","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Equine Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12703","article-title":"The diagnosis of equine insulin dysregulation","volume":"49","author":"Bertin FR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14725","article-title":"Repeatability of oral sugar test results, glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 measurements, and serum high\u2010molecular\u2010weight adiponectin concentrations in horses","volume":"31","author":"Frank N","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.13934","article-title":"Evaluation of hour diagnostic tests for insulin dysregulation in adult light\u2010breed horses","volume":"30","author":"Dunbar LK","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638714536560","article-title":"Comparison of two methods for measurement of equine insulin","volume":"26","author":"Banse HE","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2001.00331.x","article-title":"Effects of fat feeding and energy level on plasma metabolites and hormones in Shetland ponies","volume":"48","author":"Schmidt O","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(01)00295-1","article-title":"Glucose\u2010dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the enteroinsular axis in equines (Equus caballus)","volume":"129","author":"Duhlmeier R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8736","article-title":"Postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 responses of different equine breeds adapted to meals containing micronized maize","volume":"93","author":"Bamford NJ","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2019.106397","article-title":"Glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101, insulin\u2010like growth factor\u20101, and adiponectin in insulin\u2010dysregulated ponies: effects of feeding a high nonstructural carbohydrate diet and association with prospective laminitis","volume":"71","author":"Meier AD","year":"2020","journal-title":"Domest Anim Endocrinol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2088-1","article-title":"The effect of different grazing conditions on the insulin and incretin response to the oral glucose test in ponies","volume":"15","author":"Fitzgerald DM","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0358-8","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of insulin responses to standard dosed oral glucose tests (OGTs) via naso\u2010gastric tubing towards definition of an objective cut\u2010off value","volume":"60","author":"Warnken T","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03734.x","article-title":"Intake, digestion and gastrointestinal transit time in resting donkeys and ponies and exercised donkeys given ad libitum hay and straw diets","volume":"23","author":"Pearson RA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Equine Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livprodsci.2005.04.008","article-title":"Passage rate of digesta through the equine gastrointestinal tract: a review","volume":"99","author":"Van Weyenberg S","year":"2006","journal-title":"Livestock Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1590\/S1679-45082014RB2862","article-title":"Influence of gastric emptying on the control of postprandial glycemia: physiology and therapeutic implications","volume":"12","author":"Tambascia MA","year":"2014","journal-title":"Einstein"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.13544","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/evj.13544","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.13544","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:51:27Z","timestamp":1762069887000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.13544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.13544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.13544","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}