{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:44:49Z","timestamp":1772160289161,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autologous conditioned serum (ACS) is used to treat osteoarthritis in horses, although its effects are not fully investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the effects of equine serum and conditioned serum on chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2 and cartilage explants with mild osteoarthritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro experimental study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of three different serum preparations (unincubated control [PS], serum incubated 24\u2009h [PS24h] and serum incubated 24\u2009h in ACS containers [PCS]) pooled from lame horses were tested in two in vitro models. IL\u20101\u03b2 and IL\u20101 receptor antagonist (IL\u20101Ra) concentrations were measured in all sera. In model 1, chondrocyte pellet cultures were stimulated with IL\u20101\u03b2 prior to treatment with the serum preparations for 2 and 48\u2009h. Microarray, polymerase chain reaction, and matrix metallopeptidase\u201013 analyses were performed. In model 2, cartilage explants from horses with structural osteoarthritis were treated with PS or PCS on days 0, 6 and 12, or left untreated, and evaluated at day 24 using the OARSI grading scale for histological evaluation of articular cartilage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The IL\u20101Ra concentration in PS24h and PCS was significantly higher than in PS. In model 1, inflammation\u2010 and cartilage matrix degradation\u2010related genes were upregulated after 48\u2009h in all treatment groups versus untreated controls. Cartilage matrix molecules, aggrecan and collagens, were downregulated in PS24h\u2010 and PCS\u2010treated pellets versus untreated controls. Growth factor signalling genes were upregulated\u2014\n                      <jats:italic>FGF7<\/jats:italic>\n                      in all treatment groups,\n                      <jats:italic>BMP2<\/jats:italic>\n                      in PS24h\u2010, and\n                      <jats:italic>INHBA<\/jats:italic>\n                      in PCS\u2010treated\u2014compared with untreated controls. In model 2, the OARSI score at day 24 was not significantly different between treatment groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results from in vitro models cannot be directly translated to in vivo situations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vitro treatment with conditioned serum did not alleviate IL\u20101\u03b2\u2010induced responses in chondrocyte pellets or lead to morphological improvement in osteoarthritic cartilage explants.<\/jats:p>\n                  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