{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:16:58Z","timestamp":1780571818349,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is contradictory evidence on the potential benefits of tongue ties on upper airway function and their efficacy in inhibiting intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP) in racehorses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the hypothesis that tongue ties increase the pharyngeal diameter and decrease the occurrence of dynamic airway obstruction in racehorses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prospective, crossover blinded clinical study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data of 22 Thoroughbred and 8 Standardbred racehorses examined using overground endoscopy under full\u2010intensity exercise on training racetracks with and without fixation of the tongue by use of tongue ties were analysed. Equivalent exercise intensity was ensured by measuring heart rate (bpm), speed (GPS) and venous lactate. Pharyngeal diameter was expressed as pharyngeal\u2010epiglottis (PE) ratios and laryngeal abduction accordingly as laryngeal\u2010median\u2010ratios. Data were analysed using multivariable repeated\u2010measurements ANOVA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PE ratio increased significantly from 1.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.19 to 1.28\u2009\u00b1\u20090.30 in all horses between rest and full\u2010intensity exercise (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Multi\u2010variable analysis revealed that this effect decreased significantly by the application of tongue ties (1.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.27, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u20090.01). Tongue ties did not influence maximum laryngeal width (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.09) and area (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.2) significantly. DDSP was found in 4 of 30 examinations with tongue tie and in 1 of 30 examinations without tongue tie.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population was not randomly chosen and was heterogeneous. Few horses had a respiratory noise and the prevalence of upper respiratory tract disorders was too low for statistical comparison of the rate of DDSP with and without tongue ties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>A positive effect of tongue ties on pharyngeal or laryngeal diameters was not found in this study. Therefore, the results of this study do not support the use of tongue ties to enhance upper airway function.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T01:35:22Z","timestamp":1660095322000},"page":"642-648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Tongue ties do not widen the upper airways in racehorses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3333-9647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann Kristin","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Freie Universitaet Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Troppenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Freie Universitaet Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Klaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Freie Universitaet Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Lindenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Freie Universitaet Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roswitha","family":"Merle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics Freie Universitaet Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidrun","family":"Gehlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Clinic Freie Universitaet Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13079"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516405774480003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1865"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.12.337"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516409X434134"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.775"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Direktorium f\u00fcr Vollblutzucht und Rennen e.V.The use of tongue ties is forbidden from June 1st [Der Einsatz von Zungenb\u00e4ndern ist ab 1. Juni verboten] Press report in German 31.05.2018. Link on the homepage of the DVR:https:\/\/www.german-racing.com\/gr\/aktuelles\/meldungen\/20180531-310518-news-zunge.php"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"416","article-title":"Casuistic evaluation of tongue tie use in Standardbred and thoroughbred racehorses in Germany \u2013 a questionnaire study","volume":"35","author":"Barton A","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","first-page":"11","volume-title":"Equine sports medicine and surgery: basic and clinical sciences of the equine athlete","author":"Franklin S","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12154"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-62-5-334"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","series-title":"Havemeyer Foundation Monograph Series","first-page":"26","volume-title":"Proceedings of a workshop on equine recurrent laryngeal neuropathy","author":"Dixon PM","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1991.tb00319.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","volume-title":"Roaring in horses. 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