{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T08:58:04Z","timestamp":1789721884000,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,2]],"date-time":"2022-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is common in humans and is increasingly linked to the pathogenesis of a multitude of diseases including obesity and metabolic syndrome. The biology of vitamin D in horses is poorly described; the relative contribution of the diet and skin synthesis to circulating concentrations is unclear and associations with the endocrine disease have not been explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the relationship between management, season and endocrine disease and vitamin D status in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plasma concentrations of 25\u2010hydroxyvitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) and D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) were measured by liquid chromatography\u2010tandem mass spectrometry in 34 healthy unsupplemented grazing ponies and 22 stabled Thoroughbreds receiving supplementary vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      in feed. A nested group of 18 grazing ponies were sampled on long and short days (&gt;12 and &lt;12\u2009h of light\/day) to determine the effect of sunlight exposure. In addition, the relationships between age, sex, adiposity, serum insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone and vitamin D status were assessed in a mixed group of 107 horses using a linear regression model.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All animals had a measurable level of 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (median 10.7\u00a0nmol\/L) whilst 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      was only detected in Thoroughbreds receiving D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      supplementation. Thoroughbreds had lower concentrations of 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      than ponies (7.4 vs. 12.6\u00a0nmol\/L,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.01). In grazing ponies, 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations were significantly higher on long days compared to short days (14.4 vs. 8.7\u00a0nmol\/L,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.01), whilst 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      was undetectable. Measures of increased adiposity, but not basal insulin, were associated with higher 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations, conversely to humans. Increasing ACTH was associated with lower 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations were not measured in grass or forage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In horses 25(OH)D\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      is the predominant vitamin D metabolite, and there is an apparent lack of endogenous vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      production. The relationship between vitamin D and endocrine disorders in horses does not reflect that of other species and warrants further investigation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T05:00:46Z","timestamp":1660280446000},"page":"672-680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The effect of season, management and endocrinopathies on vitamin D status in horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1094-1184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miranda C. M. C.","family":"Dosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6977-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce C.","family":"McGorum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxane D.","family":"Kirton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Redwings Horse Sanctuary  Norwich UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio","family":"Cill\u00e1n\u2010Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies University of Edinburgh  Midlothian UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard 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