{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T22:40:02Z","timestamp":1790203202412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,16]],"date-time":"2023-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100022739","name":"Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100022739","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of cannabidiol (CBD) with different formulations have not been investigated in horses and may represent a starting point for clinical studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To describe pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administrations with oil and micellar formulations and simulate different treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Single intravenous experiment and two\u2010way randomised oral experiments, Latin\u2010square design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight healthy horses received intravenous CBD at 1.00\u2009mg\/kg dose, oral CBD in sesame oil and in micellar formulation, both at 10.00\u2009mg\/kg. Concentrations were measured using LC\u2013MS\/MS and fitted by nonlinear mixed effect modelling. Parameters obtained were used to simulate single and multiple treatments at steady state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous and oral concentrations were simultaneously fitted using a three\u2010compartment model. Final estimates indicate that CBD has a volume of distribution of 36\u2009L\/kg associated with a systemic clearance of 1.46\u2009L\/h\/kg and half\u2010lives ranged between 24 and 34\u2009h. Oral bioavailability was close to 14% for both oral administrations. Simulated dose regimen of CBD every 12 and 24\u2009h predicted similar percentages to reach effective plasma concentration with both oral formulation at 10.00\u2009mg\/kg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A small horse population was used (8 horses per trial).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and clinical importance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral bioavailability was low at the doses studied but fell within the range described for horse and other species. CBD had a high steady\u2010state volume of distribution, a high clearance and long half\u2010lives. No adverse reactions were detected at any dose or route. The micellar formulation showed a faster absorption and higher concentration peak, while the oil formulation presented lower levels, but more maintained over time. Simulations predicted that both could be useful in multiple oral dose treatments. These results indicated that CBD could be of interest, but further studies are needed to evaluate its clinical use in horses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T22:05:12Z","timestamp":1673301912000},"page":"1094-1103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of cannabidiol in horses after intravenous and oral administration with oil and micellar formulations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Antonia","family":"S\u00e1nchez de Medina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Hospital, University of Cordoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty University of Cordoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5817-5514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Manuel","family":"Serrano\u2010Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Pharmacology and Physiotherapy, Veterinary Faculty University of C\u00f3rdoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1553-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"D\u00edez de Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Clinical Hospital, University of Cordoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"},{"name":"Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary Faculty University of Cordoba  C\u00f3rdoba Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Valverde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytoplant Research S.L.U.  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