{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T14:48:22Z","timestamp":1778338102126,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]],"date-time":"2023-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010016","name":"Nottingham Trent University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010016","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Equestrian eventing is a dangerous Olympic sport, with 16 rider and 69 horse fatalities at competition in the last 10\u2009years. Despite this, there is limited research that aims to improve safety within the sport.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for horse falls, which are the leading cause of rider fatality within the sport.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Competition data between January 2005 and December 2015 were analysed. Descriptive statistics followed by univariable logistic regression to identify risk factors for inclusion in a multivariable logistic regression model were conducted. Models were constructed stepwise using a bidirectional process and assessed using the Akaike information criterion. A total of 749\u2009534 cross\u2010country starts were analysed for association with the risk of horse falls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixteen risk factors were identified including: higher event levels, higher dressage penalties and higher number of days since horses' last start. For example, horse and rider combinations competing at BE100 (OR 1.64, confidence interval (CI) 1.37\u20131.96,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), novice (OR 3.58, CI 3.03\u20134.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), intermediate (OR 8.00, CI 6.54\u20139.78,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001), advanced (OR 12.49, CI 9.42\u201316.57,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001) and international (OR 4.63, CI 3.50\u20136.12,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001) all had a higher risk of having a horse fall in comparison to combinations competing at BE90 level. Furthermore, for every additional 10 dressage penalties awarded to a horse and rider combination, there was a higher risk of a horse fall (OR 1.20, CI 1.12\u20131.28,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study is not geographically comprehensive (UK only) and does not include any information on training activity of horses and riders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is the largest\u2010scale study ever conducted on horse falls during eventing competition. Study results can be used by sport governing bodies to inform policy which has the potential to reduce the risk of injury and fatality to sport participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,14]],"date-time":"2023-03-14T13:03:23Z","timestamp":1678799003000},"page":"137-146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Towards a safer sport: Risk factors for cross\u2010country horse falls at\n                    <scp>British Eventing<\/scp>\n                    competition"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0760-2584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather A.","family":"Cameron\u2010Whytock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Animal Rural and Environmental Science Nottingham Trent University  Brackenhurst Campus, Southwell Nottinghamshire NG25 0QF UK"},{"name":"Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance University of Central Lancashire  Preston Lancashire PR1 2HE UK"},{"name":"University Centre Myerscough  St Michaels Road, Bilsborrow Preston Lancashire PR3 0RY UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3566-9030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim D. H.","family":"Parkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School University of Bristol  Langford Bristol BS40 5DU UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1552-8647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Hobbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Applied Sport, Physical Activity and Performance University of Central Lancashire  Preston Lancashire PR1 2HE UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0180-7984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte V.","family":"Brigden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre Myerscough  St Michaels Road, Bilsborrow Preston Lancashire PR3 0RY UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Euan D.","family":"Bennet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow  Glasgow G61 1QH UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani6020013"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","volume-title":"FEI eventing risk management programme statistics","author":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Equestre Internationale (FEI)","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"Eventing safety in the news. Horse talk.https:\/\/www.horsetalk.co.nz\/2012\/04\/02\/eventing-safety\/Accessed 6 January 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2005.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516406776563314"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2746\/042516403776114180"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13522"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","unstructured":"British Eventing. 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