{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:44:52Z","timestamp":1772160292066,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015226","name":"Royal Veterinary College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014560","name":"Waltham Centre for Pet Nutrition","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014560","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The hormones insulin and adiponectin are commonly measured in equids because of their involvement in endocrinopathic laminitis. These are currently measured in serum\/plasma, although jugular venipuncture can cause stress in some animals and may be impossible in needle\u2010shy individuals. However, both hormones can be measured in saliva in other species.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine whether [insulin] and [total adiponectin] are detectable in equine saliva using automated assays and whether saliva collection is associated with changes in stress indicators. Additionally, the correlation between serum and salivary [insulin] was investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In vivo experiment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Paired blood and saliva samples were collected from eight adult ponies at multiple time\u2010points (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200945 paired samples). [Insulin] and [total adiponectin] were measured using automated assays validated for equine serum\/plasma. Blink rates and heart rates were determined, using video recordings and a wearable heart rate monitor respectively, to assess the effects of sample collection on stress indicators compared with a control situation without a stressful stimulus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>[Total adiponectin] was undetectable in saliva. However, salivary [insulin] was measurable with acceptable inter\u2010assay (1.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9%) and intra\u2010assay (1.1\u2009\u00b1\u20090.6%) variability. Blink and heart rates during saliva collection did not differ significantly from those in the control setting. Serum and salivary [insulin] were not significantly correlated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small sample size comprising native UK ponies; potential sampling bias as animals were recruited to the study partly based on their behaviour during blood sampling; saliva collected from unfasted animals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insulin is measurable in equine saliva using an automated assay currently available in the UK, but further validation and the determination of specific diagnostic thresholds are required. Saliva collection was not associated with changes in stress indicators. Further research is therefore needed to determine the potential of equine saliva as a non\u2010invasive alternative to blood for insulin determination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T00:38:21Z","timestamp":1698107901000},"page":"361-367","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Insulin, but not adiponectin, is detectable in equine saliva using an automated, commercial assay"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8844-0179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marine A.","family":"Barnab\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4517-6590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences Royal Veterinary College  Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4068-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia A.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Equine Studies Group Waltham Petcare Science Institute  Leicestershire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3803-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Menzies\u2010Gow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/EVJ.13572"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12606"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.730"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.domaniend.2018.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CYTO.2022.155843"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12169"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.2042-3306.2001.TB00604.X"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10888705.2021.2008249"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ANI9080562"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0031-9384(02)00698-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/EVJ.13378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","unstructured":"FrankN BaileyS BertinF\u2010R BurnsT deLaatM DurhamA et al.Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Management of Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS).2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-88319-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1755254010000024"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","volume-title":"The principles of humane experimental technique","author":"Russell W","year":"1959"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","volume-title":"Predisposition to laminitis: a prospective study evaluating metabolic alterations and management practices","author":"Knowles E","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/JOE.0.1350085"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH19063723"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2015.1023356"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/JPHYSIOL.1972.SP009721"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2004.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6629951"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00421-015-3173-1\/METRICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000139797.26760.06"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU9111204"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BBRC.2014.01.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365510802147006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102536"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.8.1230"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.14019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T07:47:55Z","timestamp":1762069675000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.14019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.14019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.14019","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14019\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14019\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14019\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14019\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14019\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14019\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-07-16","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-09-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-10-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}