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Recent reviews of the human and veterinary literature support the concept that chondrotoxicity of LA on joint tissues depends on the type of drug, dose administered, and duration of exposure. The purpose of this review is to summarise the current literature describing intra\u2010articular local anaesthetic use, including both in vitro and in vivo studies, and to draw some comparisons to literature from other species where potential toxicity and duration of effect have been evaluated with the goal of advancing the field's understanding of intra\u2010articular local anaesthetic use in horses, and indicating future directions for the field. The aggregate data available from all species, while generally sparse for horses, indicate that LA are rapidly cleared from the synovial fluid after injection, often within 30 min. In vitro data strongly suggest that lidocaine and bupivacaine are likely more chondrotoxic than other LA, although to what extent is still unknown, and cytotoxicity of LA may be mitigated through concurrent injection with HA, PRP, and drug combinations including nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatories and opioids. The current body of in vitro research is not reflective of the in vivo environment, and further in vitro work, if performed, should focus on mimicking the native joint environment, utilising PK data and joint\/injection volumes to replicate the native environment more accurately within the joint and the expected exposures to LA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T21:28:52Z","timestamp":1699478932000},"page":"870-883","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Review of intra\u2010articular local anaesthetic administration in horses: Clinical indications, cytotoxicity, and outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Webster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort 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