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An increase in understanding of equine reproductive immunology could be utilised to create less\u2010invasive, time\u2010efficient diagnostic tools especially when evaluating mares for chronic endometritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate inflammatory cytokine and chemokine concentrations in uterine fluid samples collected by low\u2010volume lavage (LVL) as a potential screening diagnostic biomarker for endometritis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cross\u2010sectional clinical study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty\u2010six mares underwent a LVL and subsequently endometrial biopsy. Mares were split in three groups: healthy, acute endometritis, and chronic endometrial fibrosis (CEF) based on cytological and histological evaluation. A fluorescent bead\u2010based multiplex assay for IFN\u2010\u03b3, IFN\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20104, IL\u201010, IL\u201017, sCD14, TNF\u2010\u03b1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5 and CCL11 were carried out on the LVL fluid. The endometrial biopsy was utilised for histology and qPCR of\n                      <jats:italic>IFN\u2010\u03b3<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL\u20101\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>IL\u20106, IL\u20108, IL\u201017<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>TNF\u2010\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>CCL2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>CCL3<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes. Statistical analyses examined differences in inflammatory markers and predictive modelling for diseased endometrium.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Secreted concentrations of IFN\u2010\u03b3 were lower in LVL fluid from reproductively healthy mares compared with acute endometritis (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04) and CEF (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006). Additionally, IL\u201017, IL\u201010, IL\u20101\u03b2, TNF\u2010\u03b1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5 and CCL11 were significantly increased (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.04) in LVL from CEF mares compared with healthy mares. Mares with CCL2 concentrations \u2265550\u2009pg\/mL (14\/14) had 100% probability of having CEF and\/or acute endometritis. Healthy mares had lower relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>IL\u201017<\/jats:italic>\n                      mRNA compared with mares in CEF group [median (interquartile rage)\u2009=\u200914.76 (13.3, 15.3) and 12.4 (10.54, 13.81)], respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited sample size: larger numbers of mares with and without endometritis are required and reference intervals in LVL samples have to be established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inflammatory chemokines and cytokines concentrations differed between healthy mares and mares with acute endometritis or CEF in LVL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,14]],"date-time":"2024-01-14T18:33:35Z","timestamp":1705257215000},"page":"678-687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Inflammatory markers for differentiation of endometritis in the mare"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jennine","family":"Lection","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Cornell University  Ithaca New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Byron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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