{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1787014182733,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is limited literature regarding equine immune mediated keratitis (IMMK) in Europe. North America\u2010based publications describe minimal blepharospasm, rare corneal ulceration and no uveitis; clinical impression suggests these are seen in Europe.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assess the prevalence of blepharospasm, corneal ulceration and uveitis and their impact on outcome in horses diagnosed with IMMK in Europe (UK and Finland).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective case series.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical records of 94 horses with IMMK were evaluated. The UK and Finland populations were comparable; therefore, descriptive statistics were performed on combined data on subtypes of IMMK and clinical features. Odds ratios (OR) and confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for impact of blepharospasm, ulceration or presence of uveitis on the outcome of enucleation and treatment duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IMMK subtype was classified as 10\/94 (10.6%) epithelial, 50\/94 (53.2%) anterior stromal, 14\/94 (14.9%) mid\u2010stromal, 4\/94 (4.25%) endothelial and 16\/94 (17.0%) unrecorded. After excluding three horses with incidental corneal ulceration, blepharospasm was documented in 34\/91 (37.4%), corneal ulceration in 26\/91 (28.6%), and signs of uveitis in 23\/91 (25.3%) horses. Increased odds of enucleation were significantly associated with the presence of blepharospasm (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.6\u201319.4,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008) and signs of uveitis (OR 8.9, 95% CI 2.6\u201330.8,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not corneal ulceration. The presence of blepharospasm, corneal ulceration or uveitis did not significantly alter the odds of ongoing medication.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected over a wide timeframe; the diagnosis was mainly made without histopathology; a broad definition of uveitis was used and there was a bias towards complicated cases being retained for follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The clinical features of IMMK were similar between two European countries but differed to USA descriptions. Blepharospasm, corneal ulceration and signs of uveitis can occur with IMMK; presence of blepharospasm and uveitis increase the odds of enucleation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T04:15:30Z","timestamp":1724645730000},"page":"598-610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Clinical features and outcomes of horses presenting with presumed equine immune mediated keratitis to two veterinary hospitals in the\n                    <scp>United Kingdom<\/scp>\n                    and\n                    <scp>Finland<\/scp>\n                    : 94 cases (2009\u20132021)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6622-3002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliette F.","family":"Preston","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7180-1660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minna P.","family":"Mustikka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6027-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon L.","family":"Priestnall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2041-2144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bettina","family":"Dunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria\u2010Christine","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Science and Services Royal Veterinary College  Hatfield Hertfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00057.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2005.00393.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.tb05632.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","volume-title":"Equine ophthalmology","author":"Gilger BC","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","volume-title":"Veterinary ophthalmology","author":"Gelatt KN","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12338"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04066.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04063.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12087"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12234"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.73.7.1067"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12641"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12677"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","unstructured":"F\u00e9d\u00e9ration \u00c9questre Internationale.2023 Equine Prohibited Substances List.https:\/\/inside.fei.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2023%20Prohibited%20Substances%20List.pdf(2022). Accessed 3 Mar 2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1995.tb04425.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1983.tb04556.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"Veterinary ocular pathology: a comparative review","author":"Dubielzig RR","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12285"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1294\/jes.17.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12735"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520902751035"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13911"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12819"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1995.56.02.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.67.7.1232"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.240.3.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-5224.2000.00134.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13336"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12172"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2017.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12701"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.156.1.13"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12173"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/06-021.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","unstructured":"McMullenRJr FischerB.Intrastromal indocyanine green photodynamic therapy for the treatment of immune\u2010mediated keratitis in the horse. Dorothy Havemeyer Foundation Equine Ophthalmology Symposium2016."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04469.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00623.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12042"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2012.01004.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2009.00737.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.13589"}],"container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/evj.14213","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T08:53:28Z","timestamp":1762073608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/evj.14213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/evj.14213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/evj.14213","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1111\/EVJ.14213\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0425-1644","2042-3306"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0425-1644","type":"print"},{"value":"2042-3306","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-12-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-07-30","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}