{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:56:06Z","timestamp":1790315766685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012417","name":"College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limited research exists on impacts of air pollution on non\u2010human mammals, particularly animal athletes such as Thoroughbred racehorses. Athletes have a greater risk of exposure as heightened exertion and increased airflow carry more pollutants deeper into the respiratory tract.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To provide insights into the impact of ambient air pollution, particularly fine particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), on race speed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Data were obtained from The Jockey Club Information Systems, covering 31\u2009407 winning races by Thoroughbred horses in California spanning 10\u2009years (2011\u20132020) and evaluated the association between air pollution and winning race speeds. For race days, we collected PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      data from the nearest U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitoring site within 100\u2009km of each racetrack (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912). We assessed the associations between daily average PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations and speed of winning horses with linear mixed effects regression. We adjusted for horse characteristics, race\u2010related covariates, temporal indicators (e.g., year), other air pollutants and temperature. We conducted sensitivity analyses by adjusting extreme air pollution days by reassigning values to the 95th percentile value and conducting linear mixed effects regression on series of datasets with incremental cutpoints of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the cutpoint analysis, we found that for PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      between 4 and 23.6\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , speed decreased 0.0008\u2009m\/s (95% CI: \u22120.0014562 to \u22120.00018) for every 1\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      increase of PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Limitations include the use of offsite monitors leading to imprecise exposure measurements, not using training practice data, and generalisability as the study focuses on California racetracks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study highlights the need to create advisories to safeguard the performance of horses during periods of poor air quality. Further research is recommended to explore additional factors influencing the relationship between air pollution and equine welfare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T01:20:26Z","timestamp":1725412826000},"page":"712-722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The effects of ambient air pollution exposure on Thoroughbred racehorse performance"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Linda D.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Kreitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle M.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katie","family":"Seabaugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen G.","family":"Duncan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2874-3530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sheryl","family":"Magzamen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences Colorado State University  Fort Collins Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","unstructured":"US EPA.Integrated science assessment (ISA) for particulate matter [Final report 2019]. 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