{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:44:53Z","timestamp":1772160293900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014455","name":"University of Tennessee, Knoxville","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014455","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Equine corneal disease is common and painful. Current pain mitigation strategies are often suboptimal, especially early in the disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effects of local anaesthetic delivery via indwelling retrobulbar catheter on corneal sensitivity, pupil size, pupillary light responses (PLRs), and ocular motility in normal horses.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study design<\/jats:title>\n Randomised, controlled crossover experiment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n One eye was randomly selected from seven horses. A 20\u2010gauge catheter was placed in the retrobulbar space and injected with 10\u2009mL of 0.5% bupivacaine or 0.9% saline. Cochet\u2013Bonnet esthesiometry (CBE), pupil photogrammetry, PLRs, and oculocephalic reflexes were evaluated before injection (\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090) and\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.25, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12\u2009h after injection. Following a 7\u201314\u2009day washout period, this procedure was repeated using the alternative injection solution. Corneal touch thresholds (CTTs) derived from CBE and pupillary areas (PA; as measured from photographs) were compared across time for each group. PLRs and oculocephalic reflexes were compared between groups at each evaluation time point.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Saline did not affect CBE, PA, PLRs or oculocephalic reflexes at any time point. Bupivacaine reduced CTT compared with saline for 6\u2009h, with maximum reduction at\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20091\u2009h (bupivacaine: 0.08\u2009\u00b1\u20090.20\u2009cm; saline: 4.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.39\u2009cm;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001). Bupivacaine increased PA compared with saline for 3\u2009h, with maximum increase at\n t<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20093\u2009h (bupivacaine: 349.75\u2009\u00b1\u200984.80\u2009mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ; saline: 194.65\u2009\u00b1\u200927.03\u2009mm\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n ;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.04). Bupivacaine injection reduced PLRs for 9\u2009h and oculocephalic reflexes for 3\u2009h; saline had no effect. Mild adverse effects included chemosis, blepharoedema, and transiently reduced palpebral reflex.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n Reduction in CTT may not directly translate to pain control in clinical horses with corneal disease. Adverse effects of repeated injections were not evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n Injection of bupivacaine via an indwelling retrobulbar catheter in horses reduces corneal sensitivity and may be useful in reducing pain in horses with corneal disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T01:28:44Z","timestamp":1727832524000},"page":"1110-1117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Local anaesthetic delivery through indwelling retrobulbar catheters for ocular pain control in horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9144-6926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah M.","family":"Moody","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherri L.","family":"Hicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2211-6122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Braidee C.","family":"Foote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diane V.","family":"Hendrix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences University of Tennessee College of Veterinary Medicine Knoxville Tennessee 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