{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T02:44:54Z","timestamp":1772160294131,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Warmblood horses are a popular breed around the world for equestrian sports. Previous studies have investigated ocular findings in other breeds of horses; however, no studies exist for the Warmblood breed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the prevalence of ocular abnormalities in a convenience sample of Warmblood horses in South Africa and to determine if the prevalence of lens and chorioretinal lesions increase with age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive, observational study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Warmblood horses underwent a full ophthalmic examination which included a Schirmer tear test (STT), tonometry, fluorescein dye testing, slit lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy. Age was categorised into three groups namely &lt;8\u2009years old, 8\u201313\u2009years old and 14+ years old for statistical analysis. Prevalence of lens and chorioretinal lesions were compared between age categories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and four horses (208 eyes) were examined. The age range was 5 months to 30\u2009years (mean 11\u2009years, standard deviation [SD] 6\u2009years). Ocular pathology was noted in 125 eyes (60.1%) and 79 horses (76%). The highest number of lesions were noted in the choroid and retina, iris and lens. Chorioretinal lesions were seen in 100 eyes (48.1%) and in 65 horses (62.5%). Iridial lesions were seen in 19 eyes (9.1%) and 12 horses (11.5%). Cataracts were seen in 19 eyes (9.1%) and in 13 horses (12.5%). The presence of total chorioretinal lesions (eye level [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002]; horse level [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004]), focal chorioretinal lesions (eye level [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004]; horse level [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008]) and cataract (eye [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03]; horse level [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02]) were all shown to statistically increase with age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main limitations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A small sample size and limited geographic area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was a high prevalence of ocular pathology in this population of Warmblood horses in South Africa. This reiterates the importance of an ocular examination as a part of routine health checks, as well as during prepurchase examinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T07:37:32Z","timestamp":1731483452000},"page":"889-897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A survey of ocular pathology in Warmblood horses in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8406-5383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria  Onderstepoor Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antony D.","family":"Goodhead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Science 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