{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T03:42:11Z","timestamp":1759981331988,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023MS03035","2023LHMS03015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023MS03035","2023LHMS03015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32160247"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160247"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["beva.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Equine Veterinary Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>Flunixin meglumine (FM) is commonly used in painful conditions in horses; however, it may contribute to equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). Some veterinarians combine omeprazole (OME) and FM to reduce EGUS risk. However, the efficacy and safety of this combination in Mongolian horses with chronic lameness remain unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Objectives<\/jats:title>To investigate the changes in lameness and EGUS scores in Mongolian horses through the comparison of three treatment strategies: FM, FM\u2009+\u2009OME and placebo treated control (CON) and to assess the effects of these treatments on gastric fluid pH, serum total protein, albumin and oxidative stress markers (MPO, SOD, CAT).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Study Design<\/jats:title>In vivo experiments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Eighteen Mongolian horses with initial American Association of Equine Practitioners lameness scores \u22653 of 5 were selected and equally divided into the placebo (CON), FM (1.1\u2009mg\/kg IV q. 24\u2009h) and FM\u2009+\u2009OME (4\u2009mg\/kg PO q. 24\u2009h) treatment groups in a randomised block design. During 15\u2009days of treatment, weekly gastroscopy and physiological and biochemical tests were performed. Stomach tissues were harvested from two horses from each group for histopathological examination with haematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome and periodic acid\u2010Schiff (PAS) staining.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>FM (median 1.0, interquartile range 0.0\u20131.0; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) and FM\u2009+\u2009OME (1.0, 1.0\u20131.0; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) significantly decreased lameness scores compared with CON (3.0, 3.0\u20134.0). Compared with CON (EGGD: 0.0, 0.0\u20131.0, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001; PG1: mean 231.9\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation 25.2\u2009ng\/mL, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) or FM\u2009+\u2009OME (EGGD: 0.8, 1.0\u20131.3, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003; PG1: 207.08\u2009\u00b1\u200934.85\u2009ng\/mL, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001), FM significantly increased equine gastric glandular disease (EGGD) grade (3.0, 2.0\u20133.3) and pepsinogen 1 (PG1) content (372.2\u2009\u00b1\u200933.2\u2009ng\/mL, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001). Compared with CON (total protein: 70.1\u2009\u00b1\u20092.9\u2009g\/L; albumin: 37.0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.0\u2009g\/L; Gastrin\u201017: 482.5\u2009\u00b1\u200948.1\u2009pg\/mL), FM significantly reduced total protein (62.8\u2009\u00b1\u20092.9\u2009g\/L, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003), albumin (31.5\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3\u2009g\/L, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.01) and Gastrin\u201017 (GT\u201017) content (284.6\u2009\u00b1\u200957.2\u2009pg\/mL, p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001). Compared with FM (EGGD: 3.0, 2.0\u20133.3; pH: 2.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3), FM\u2009+\u2009OME significantly decreased the EGGD grade (0.8, 1.0\u20131.3; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003) and significantly increased gastric fluid pH (7.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001). FM\u2009+\u2009OME (207.1\u2009\u00b1\u200934.9\u2009ng\/mL) significantly decreased PG1 content compared with FM (372.24\u2009\u00b1\u200933.25\u2009ng\/mL; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001). Histopathology revealed that 15\u2009days of FM treatment led to gastric lesions in horses, which were mitigated by combining with OME.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Main Limitations<\/jats:title>Individual differences among horses were large, but the sample size was small and sampling was infrequent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>Compared with FM alone, use of FM\u2009+\u2009OME did not impact the reduction in lameness scores with therapy, but reduced the occurrence of EGGD in Mongolian horses. When used to manage chronic lameness, FM\u2009+\u2009OME might protect against FM\u2010induced EGGD by increasing the gastric pH and decreasing serum PG1 content.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.14477","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,19]],"date-time":"2025-02-19T01:45:01Z","timestamp":1739929501000},"page":"1643-1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessing omeprazole and flunixin meglumine co\u2010administration in treating equine gastric ulcer syndrome in Mongolian horses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"57","author":[{"given":"Wenrui","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Embryo and Developmental Engineering Key Laboratory of Higher Education Institutions of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot China"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot 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